• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.11 no.4 s.29
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• pp.47-57
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• 2005

The goal of this research is to evaluate landscape-ecological characteristics of watersheds in the Nakdong River Basin by using Geogaphic Information System (GIS) and landscape indices for integation of spatio-temporal informations and multivariate statistical techniques for quantitative analysis of forest landscape. Fragmentation index and change matrix techniques using factor analysis and grid overlay method were used to efficiently analyze and manage huge amount of information for ecological-environmental assessment (land-cover and forest landscape patterns). According to the results based on the pattern analysis of land-cover changes using the change detection matrix between 1980s and 1990s, addition on 750km$^2$ became urbanized areas. The altered 442.04km$^2$ was agricultural areas which is relatively easy for shifting of land-use, and 205.1km$^2$ of forests became urbanized areas, and average elevation and slope of the whole altered areas were 75m and 4$^{\circ}$. On the other hand, 120km$^2$ of urban areas were changed into other areas (i.e., agricultural areas and green space), and fortunately, certain amount of naturalness had been recovered. But still those agricultural areas and fallow areas, which were previously urban areas, had high potential of re-development for urbanization due to their local conditions. According to the structural analysis of forest landscape using the landscape indices, the forest fragmentation of watersheds along the main stream of the Nakdong River was more severe than my other watersheds. Furthermore, the Nakdong-sangju and Nakdong-miryang watersheds had unstable forest structures as well as least amount of forest quantity. Thus, these areas need significant amount of forest through a new forest management policy considering local environmental conditions.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop the environmental management strategy of streams based on the quantified evaluation method of the stream environment. The six streams in Jinju city flowing into the Nam-river were selected for the case study. The stream environment evaluation was performed considering the following three independent field surveys. First, the stream naturalnesses considering 20 evaluation elements were investigated for each unit section of the streams having the length of 500m and the width of 100m, and then were evaluated into 5 grades. Second, water qualities of the streams were evaluated into 5 grades based on the results of eight times water quality survey. Third, the landuse patterns in the stream basins were evaluated into 5 grades according to the residential area ratio. Finally, the stream environments were classified into 5 grades by integrating the above three subfactors - stream naturalness, water quality, and residential landuse. According to the evaluation results of stream environments, the three environmental management strategies of streams were suggested. As the results of the case study, Panmun stream and Ghajwa stream were evaluated to the forth grade that need active environmental restoration, and Nabul stream and Yonga stream were evaluated to the second grade that need partial environmental restoration while Youngchun river and Dogsan stream were evaluated to the first grade showing the desirable stream environmental condition. The above environmental evaluation results for each stream will be an important reference for the further stream restoration or management plan.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.1296-1301
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• 2005

하천자연도 평가는 하천이용과 보전, 복원계획에 대한 적합성의 근거를 파악하고 이에 가치를 부여하기 위해 주로 평가가 이루어진다. 최근 많은 하천들이 자연형 공법을 적용하여 정비되고 있지만 하천 정비에 따른 실효성 검토가 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 자연형 하천으로 정비된 하천의 실효성을 검토하는 하나의 방법으로 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 하천생태계의 구조와 기능을 파악하고 수집된 자료를 분석하여 공사전과 공사후 하천자연도를 평가할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 GIS를 이용하여 공사전과 공사후의 하천자연도 평가를 수행하였다. 평가항목은 종단면, 횡단면, 하상구조, 하천주변, 하천수질, 식생, 어류, 조류 등 8개 부문 29개 항목을 반영하였고 공사전과 후의 자연도 평가를 비교하기 위해 공사전 모니터링을 통해 얻은 자료를 바탕으로 부문별 평가항목 7개 부문에 17항목을 평가하였다. 평가의 척도는 정량적 지수로서 $1\~5$의 점수로 하였고 하천자연도의 표현은 5등급 체계로 구분하고 가중치는 부문별로 동일하게 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 공사전 평가지수 3.3으로 하천자연도 III등급이었으나 공사후에는 평가지수 2.7로 II등급을 나타내었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.2138-2142
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• 2009

하천생태계의 서식처 기능을 회복하기 위해 하천의 환경적인 측면에서 건전성을 평가하여 하천환경정비의 방향을 제시하기 위해서는 하천의 자연도를 평가해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내.외의 하천자연도평가에 관한 방법을 조사하였다. 한편 하천의 특성은 하천 고유의 성질이므로 하천 간에 자연도를 상호 비교하는 것 보다는 하천구간별로 자연도를 평가하는 것이 타당하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하천별 특성을 반영하여 하천 형태와 하천 환경에 따른 하천자연도 평가 항목을 선택하고 평가항목별 가중치를 부여하기 위하여 계층분석과정(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP)을 적용하였다. 계층분석과정의 쌍대비교를 사용하여 하천자연도 평가항목별 상대적 중요도를 정량화하였고 지방하천인 회야강 22개 구간에 적용하여 분석한 결과, 회야강의 하천자연도는 기존 방법을 적용하는 경우 2.96점에서 가중치를 적용하는 경우 2.86점으로 산정되었다. 한편 구간별로 기존 방법과 개선된 방법의 산정결과를 비교하면, 2등급 1개, 3등급 10개, 4등급 10개, 5등급 1개에서 2등급 1개, 3등급 14개, 4등급 6개, 5등급 1개로 산정되었다. 본 연구 결과를 하천기술자가 하천환경정비계획을 수립하는 업무에 채택하는 등 실무에 적용하는 경우 매우 유용할 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.211-211
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• 2011

근래에 들어 환경문제의 사회적 부각과 함께 생태파괴적인 하천 정비 방식에 대한 대안으로 자연형 하천 환경 복원기법에 대한 시험 적용이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나 하천 복원에 앞서 하천 환경의 상태를 파악하고 진단할 수 있는 방법에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 기존에 개발된 하천 질 평가 방법은 수질에 편향된 경향이 있으나 수질의 개선만으로는 생물 다양성의 발생 기반으로서 물리적 구조가 훼손된 상태에서는 생태적 복원의 효과를 달성하기 어렵다. 따라서 하천의 물리적 조건에 의한 구체적이고 비교적 객관적인 평가가 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 상기 평가를 바탕으로 작성된 하천 자연도 평가 지침에 의거하여 곡릉천 하류 일부 구간과 곡릉천의 지류인 벽제천을 대상으로 자연도를 조사하였다. 평가 결과 곡릉천 봉일천교 상류 2km구간의 저수로는 사행을 보였으며, 강변 사주 및 하중도는 없었으나 갈대 등과 같은 저수로변 식생이 있고 흙으로 조성된 인공제방으로 되어 있어 도심지의 정형화된 하천들에 비해 비교적 자연에 가까운 모습을 하고 있었다. 한편 하천 인근에 있는 아파트 등 주거지와 논, 밭 등의 경작지로 인한 오염원 유입 및 자전거 도로와 산책로 등 사람의 접근이 용이한 제외지의 이용으로 동식 물서식처로서의 기능이 저하될 것으로 우려된다. 곡릉천의 지류인 벽제천은 저수로가 사행을 유지하고 하중도와 사주가 형성되어 있으며 여울을 확인할 수 있었다. 하천 인근에 경작지와 제방도로가 있으나 인적이 드물고 차량 통행량이 적어 생태환경 훼손에 대한 우려는 적은 것으로 판단되 었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2004

The focus of this study is the promotion of green area volumes and their naturalness, water circulation system, decline of entropy, creation of biological habitats and linkage of separated urban green space. Re-presentative urban biotope survey sites were categorized as urban biotope, semi-natural biotope, and natural forest. In the urban biotope, a residential biotope was constructed near the Han river and in mountain areas. The green-area ratio at the housing complex was about 25%. GVZ(Grunvolumenzahl) was 0.35m$^3$/m$^2$ at the 5∼10-story housing complex, and 1.53m$^3$/m$^2$ over the 11-story. As for the green-area structure of the housing complex, canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer were not differentiated and the green-area volume was not high enough. The green-area ratio of school areas as a public area biotope was 5∼20%. GVZ was 1.12m$^3$/m$^2$ at Myungduk High School, and 1.78m$^3$/m$^2$ at Jeonggok Elementary School. In order to convert the urban biotope into an ecological area, green areas around the buildings should be connected to urban buffer green areas, and multi-layer structures should be established with natural plant species. In the semi-natural biotope, neighbor parks were created park in the vicinity of the natural forests. GVZ was 0.28m$^3$/m$^2$, and plantation was established with single layer structure and was definitely insufficient for the area. The urban buffer green areas have been established in strip corridors with the width of 20∼123m. In those areas, GVZ was 0.16∼0.27m$^3$/m$^2$ and had a deficient canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer. Soil conditions were not favorable for tree growth. In the natural biotope, GVZ of the plantation was 1.03∼1.5m$^3$/m$^2$ but the high crown closure of this area reduces the chance of species change and succession. GVZ of natural forest was 2.53∼2.57m$^3$/m$^2$. It is desirable to plant diverse plants and the natural forest should be succeeded by broad-leaf deciduous tree species. To improve the value of biotope at Kangseo-Gu, building height needs to be limited to reduce the environmental deterioration in the city. In order to maintain the water circulation system, water-permeable material is recommened when the urban surface areas are paved. The establishment of a water circulation system will improve ground water levels, soil moisture, water quality, and habitats. In order to improve biological diversity, it is desirable to have multi-layer structures in urban green areas with native species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to derive the actually applicable directions and measures for conservation and restoration according to biotope types. Recently biotope project-installing eco-river, restoring damaged area, protecting habitate for flora and fauna- is processed according to being interested in making and restoring the biotope. But it is lack of study to estimate and systematize which biotope preserve and restore primary. For this purpose, the direction and measures of conservation and restoration be applicable to actuality are drafted by a review on the preceded case studies until now at the inside and outside of the country. And then this study proposed the concept, direction and measures for the effective systematic biotope management through continual feed back such as field applications in selected case study areas and consultations. First, the applicable directions and measures for conservation and restoration according to biotope types is suggested with the 'conservation' divided into two parts; protection and maintenance, the 'restoration', and the 'enhancement' divided into two parts; improvement and creation. Second, for the effective biotope management, the biotope types are classified into urban type, agricultural types and natural types according to the naturalness and dominant landscape. However, this study suggests that the direction and measures suitable to the regional conditions should be reviewed enough and selected and also the detail measures should be supplemented with the foundation of directions and measures for biotope conservation and management proposed in this study because the biotope management should consider regional characteristics.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.903-916
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• 2012

We need to use aesthetic landscape assessment(ALA) as the means of riparian buffer zone(RBZ) management. This study verified the political validity of designation policy of RBZ and land purchase policy. The purpose of this study was to propose RBZ landscape management strategies through ALA of RBZ in Gyeongan Stream for the better attractive and healthy riparian landscapes. The natural type landscape units(LUs) covered 40.9% of the entire area and the cultivated land type LUs covered 20.58%. Landscape assessment consisted of landscape quality and landscape integration assessment. The criteria for assessing landscape quality(LQ) were naturalness, interest, uniqueness, and landscape function. LQ was ranked into five grades using a matrix. The landscape integration assessment consisted of an inner integration assessment in each LU and outer integration assessment among LUs. To review the propriety of designating the riparian area and the riparian ecological belt, differences in ecological appraisal and aesthetic valuation were reviewed through a t-test, Oneway ANOVA, and logistic analysis. The results of ALA, 29.15% of the entire area scored at grade 1 in LQ, while 31.95% scored at grade 5, indicating that grade 5 areas occupied a high share. Surveyed areas were divided into designated RBZ and undesignated RBZ. Results indicated that designated RBZ scored grade 1 in LQ took up 33.2% of the total, significantly higher than the 23.3% taken up by undesignated RBZ. When examined according to buffer distance, grade 1 areas within 50m took up 50.2% of the total area, lower than the 32.7% at buffer distances of 500m-1km. Results indicated a 1% statistically significant difference. Accordingly, analysis was undertaken for the expansion of designation of the riparian area and the selection of appropriate land for formation of a riparian ecological belt, and was designated at priority 1 and 2 for land purchase. This study can also contribute to the formation of a riverine eco-belt through discovery of design factors for upgrading the ecology, aesthetics, and landscape of the riparian area and application in determining land purchase priorities.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.67-96
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• 2012

The Ministry of Environment in Korea has been promoting the urban stream restoration project for paved streams in cities as the restored Cheonggyecheon. As an elementary study for suggesting policy implications for the project, cost and benefit criteria for an ex-post analysis on the Cheonggyecheon project is suggested in this study. The ex-ante analysis were reviewed critically by focusing on the cost and benefit criteria. Ex-post analysis plan in this study is developed considering the standard guideline of pre-feasibility, the theory of cost-benefit analysis, and the review results. The costs for compensating lands, amending conflicts, researching rivers, and maintaining water quantity were also included. For the benefits, this study proposes to estimate the benefits with the assessment on naturalness of stream. The results are expected to contribute to increase the efficiency of the urban stream restoration project and evaluate the project to match better with the meaning of the river restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to propose management strategies through aesthetic landscape assessments for landscape units in the Han River riparian(HRR) area. First, this research reclassified the HRR into "natural," "artificial," "agricultural," and mixed landscape types and selected 37 representative case areas(about $1km{\times}1km$). This study found 71 landscape units in consideration of topography and land surface classification. Landscape assessment consisted of landscape quality and landscape integration assessment. The criteria for assessing landscape quality were "naturalness," "interest," "uniqueness," and "landscape function." "Landscape quality" was ranked into five grades using a matrix. The landscape integration assessment consisted of an inner integration assessment in each landscape unit and outer integration assessment among landscape units. As a result of the field study, case sites were found to have 4,288 landscape units and an area of $42.8km^2$. The forest area was found to have the most space with $11,580,905m^2$(27.1%), while the wet lands had just $52,348m^2$(0.1%). In the landscape quality assessment, about 30.5% of the total area consisted of landscape units that scored highest in "naturalness". In the landscape integration assessment, about 39.3% of the total area consisted of landscape units which scored highest in "integration", denoting visual interrelation and harmony. The existence of disparities in landscape quality in accordance with the form of the landscaping was determined using a Oneway ANOVA, with "naturalistic" landscaping scoring the highest and "artificial" landscaping scoring lowest. This study may contribute to making the HRR area a more ecologically sound and visually attractive landscape space. It is recommended that the aesthetical and ecological value of the landscape unit should be assessed simultaneously in the future.