• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.543-562
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to suggest a modified approach that compensates some shortcomings of RPN with relevant strength of ASIL for Safety System and suggests systematic and logical approach for FMEA. Methods: By comparing the objectives, determination procedures, and key conceptual differences of RPN and ASIL, a refined method of risk evaluation and a new risk metric are devised. Results: While the traditional FMEA provides only rough evaluation of relative risk for each failure, the proposed method compensates its shortcomings with relevant strength of ASIL and provides a more logical and practical procedure of risk evaluation. Conclusion: The new metric RPM provides not only a comparative priority rank but also the degree of physical seriousness. Besides, it may have even more benefits for various applications if the severity can be expressed as mone tary amount of losses.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.190-198
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• 2009

This study shows the developing process of the risk assessment models for railway casualty accidents. To evaluate the risks of these accidents, the hazardous events and the hazardous factors were identified by the review of the accident history and engineering interpretation of the accident behavior. The frequency of each hazardous event was evaluated from the historical accident data and structured expert judgments by using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) technique. In addition, to assess the severity of each hazardous event, the ETA (Event Tree Analysis) technique and other safety techniques were applied. The risk assessment models developed can be effectively utilized in defining the risk reduction measures in connection with the option analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.293-299
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between interpersonal problem, stress coping strategies and mental health for university students at risk of smartphone addiction using a structural equation modeling. Key results of the analysis were as follows. The interpersonal problem increased the severity of mental health. Stress coping strategies had partial mediating effects in the relationship between interpersonal problem and mental health. Passive coping strategy was risk factor and Active coping strategy was protective factor. Based on these results, various interventions for improving mental health for university students at risk of smartphone addiction were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2019

The coastal composite fishery has the highest rate of around 30.0% in registered fishing vessels of Korea for the last three years. The risk analysis for the fisher's safety of coastal composite fishing vessels was conducted to serve as a basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fisher using fisher's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) from 2016 to 2018 (n = 1,105). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of coastal composite fishery was 3.76% in all industries, 7.8 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have a serious level management to 10.10‱. Among the accidents, 76.0% occurred at sea. The slipping, others and contact with machinery or fishing gear occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. In the risk assessment using frequency and severity, slipping, contact with machinery and others showed high risk during fishing. The results are expected to contribute to identification and assessment of safety hazard occurred in coastal composite fishing vessels.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.102-110
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• 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major health burden worldwide, with over 600 million confirmed cases and 6 million deaths by 15 December 2022. Although the acute phase of COVID-19 management has been established, the long-term clinical course and complications due to the relatively short outbreak is yet to be assessed. The current COVID-19 pandemic is causing significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Interestingly, epidemiological studies have shown that fatality rates vary considerably across different countries, and men and elderly patients are at higher risk of developing severe diseases. There is increasing evidence that COVID-19 infection causes neurological deficits in a substantial proportion to patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, lack of physical activity and smoking are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) susceptibility. We should therefore explore why lack of physical activity, smoking, etc causing a population more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and mechanism involved. Thus, in this review article, we summarize epidemiological evidence related to risk factors and lifestyle that affect COVID-19 severity and the mechanism involved. These risk factors or lifestyle interventions include smoking, cardiovascular health, obesity, exercise, environmental pollution, psychosocial social stress, and diet.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.383-396
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• 2020

Purpose: This study compared the injury mechanism, site, type, initial management approach of orthopedic injury, and outcomes according to the injury severity in moderate-to-severe injured patients. Materials and Methods: During 57-month, excluding the period when the authors' emergency/trauma center was not operating, from 2014 to 2019, a retrospective study was conducted on 778 patients with orthopedic injuries among patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS)>9 scored. The patients were classified into moderate-injured group (group-1, 679) and severe-injured group (group-2, 99) according to the injury severity based on the ISS and physiologic parameters. The injury mechanism and non-orthopedic injury were evaluated. Orthopedic injuries were assessed according to the injury pattern and the number of anatomical regions and bone sites involved. The management approach for the orthopedic injuries in two groups was compared. Outcomes (hospital stay, systemic complications, and in-hospital mortality) were evaluated, and the risk factors for mortality were analyzed. Results: In group-2, the incidence of younger males, high-energy mechanisms, and accompanying injuries was significantly higher than in group-1. The number of anatomical regions and bone sites involved increased in group-2. The involvement of the pelvis, spine, and upper extremity was significantly higher in group-2, whereas group-1 was involved mainly by the lower extremities. Depending on the patient's condition, definitive or staged management for orthopedic injuries may be used. Group-1 was treated mainly with definite fixation after the physiological stabilization process, and group-2 was treated with staged management using temporary external fixation. The hospital stay was significantly longer in group-2. The overall systematic complications and in-hospital mortality was approximately 4.9% and 4.5%. A higher injury severity was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (2.9%, 15.2%; p<0.0001). Increasing age and high ISS are independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusion: A higher severity of injury was associated with a higher incidence of high-energy mechanism, younger, male, accompanying injuries, and the frequency and severity of orthopedic injuries. Severe polytrauma patients were treated mainly with a staged approach, such as external fixation. The hospital stay, systematic complications, and in-hospital mortality were significantly higher in severe-injured patients. Age and ISS are strong predictors of in-hospital mortality in polytrauma.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.39
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• pp.3-43
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• 2014

This paper showed results of the risk management project in detail which was conducted by National Archives of Korea(NAK) in 2010. In the project NAK examined its long-term preservation business of electronic records using DRAMBORA(Digital Repository Audit Method Based on Risk Assessment). NAK has defined 44 different risk elements related to its business activities, assessed and classified them into several grades according to the severity calculated by risk probability score and risk potential impact score, and developed precise management plans for two of the most serious risks. This paper introduced the management plan for one of them. The risk was numbered with NR04 and described by 'Loss of integrity of records information'. This paper explained mitigation strategies, contingency organization, disaster control responsibilities, and personal mission cards for the NR04. This paper planned to give comprehensive understandings to Records Management Organizations about the risk management approaches as an effective way for business management through the case study.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.387-393
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• 2018

Considering the effect of climate change, a quantitative analysis of extreme drought is needed to reduce the damage from extreme droughts. Therefore, in this study, a quantitative risk analysis of extreme drought was conducted. The threshold level method was applied to define a drought event using Cheugugi rainfall data in past, gauged rainfall data in present, and climate change scenario rainfall data in future. A bivariate drought frequency analysis was performed using the copula function to simultaneously consider two major drought characteristics such as duration and severity. Based on the bivariate drought frequency curves, the risks for the past, present and future were calculated and the risks for future extreme drought were analyzed comparing with the past and present. As a result, the mean drought duration of the future was shorter than that of past and present, however, the mean drought severity was much larger. Therefore short term and severe droughts were expected to occur in the future. In addition, the analysis of the maximum drought risk indicated that the future maximum drought risk was 1.39~1.94 times and 1.33~1.81 times higher than the past and present. Finally, the risk of extreme drought over past and present maximum drought in the future was very high, ranging from 0.989 to 1.0, and the occurrence probability of extreme drought was high in the future.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3377-3381
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• 2014

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer increases with vitamin D deficiency as shown in recently published studies. In addition, prospective investigations have indicated that low vitamin D levels may be associated with increased mortality of colorectal cancer, especially in stage III and IV cases. However, the exact incidence of vitamin D deficiency and the relation between vitamin D deficiency and osteopenia/osteporosis is still not known. The aim of this study is to identify severity of vitamin D deficiency and absolute risk factors of osteopenia/osteoporosis in colorectal cancer survivors. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 colorectal cancer survivors treated with surgery and/or chemotherapy ${\pm}$ radiotherapy were recruited from medical oncology outpatient clinics during routine follow-up visits in 2012-2013. Bone mineral densitometry (BMD) was performed, and serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were also checked on the same day of the questionnaire. The patients was divided into 2 groups, group A with normal BMD and group B with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Results: The median age of the study population was 58 (40-76). Thirty (30.0%) were female, whereas 79 (70.0%) were male. The median follow-up was 48 months (14-120 months). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 109 (96.5%); mild deficiency (20-30 ng/ml) in 19 (16.8%), moderate deficiency (10-20 ng/ml) in 54 (47.8%) and severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml) in 36 (31.9%). Osteopenia was evident in 58 (51.4%) patients whereas osteoporosis was noted in 17 (15.0%). Normal BMD was observed in 38 (33.6%). No apparent effects of type of surgery, presence of stoma, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and TNM stage were found regarding the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Also, the severity of the vitamin D deficiency had no effect in the risk of osteopenia and osteporosis (p=0.93). In female patients, osteopenia/osteoporosis were observed in 79.5% patients as compared to 60.7% of male patients (p=0.04). Conclusions: In our study, vitamin D deficiency and osteopenia/osteoporosis was observed in 96.5% and 66.4% of colorectal cancer survivors, respectively. There is no defined absolute risk factor of osteopenia and osteoporosis in colorectal cancer survivors. To our knowledge, in the literature, our study is the first to evaluateall the risk factors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in colorectal cancer survivors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.76-84
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• 2021

The quality assurance activities can detect the factors that affect the quality based on risk identification in the course of mass production. Risk identification is conducted with risk analysis, and the risk analysis method for the rotorcraft landing system is selected by failure mode effects analysis (FMEA). FMEA is a method that detects the factors that can affect the product quality by combining severity, occurrence, and detectability. The results of FMEA were prioritized using the risk priority number. On the other hand, these methods have certain shortcomings because the severity, occurrence, detectability are weighted equally. Dempster-Shafer evidence theory can conduct uncertainty analysis for the opinions with personal reflections and subjectivity. Based on the theory, the belief function and the plausibility function can be formed. Moreover, the functions can be utilized to evaluate the belief rate and credibility. The system is exposed to impact during take-off and landing. Therefore, experts should manage failure modes in the course of mass production. In this paper, FMEA based on the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is discussed to perform risk analysis regarding the failure mode of the rotorcraft landing system. The failure priority was evaluated depending on the factor values. The results were derived using belief and plausibility function graphs.