• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.343-358
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• 2008

Piles of a bridge pier are connected with a column through a pile cap(footing). Behavior of the pile foundation can be different according to the connection method between piles and the pile cap. This difference causes a change of the design method. Connection methods between pile heads and the pile cap are divided into two groups ; rigid connections and hinge connections. KHBDC(Korea Highway Bridge Design Code) has specified to use rigid connection method for the highway bridge. In the rigid connection method, maximum bending moment of a pile occurs at the pile head and this helps the pile to prevent the excessive displacement. Rigid methods are also good to improve the seismic performance. However some specifications prescribe that conservative results through investigations for both the fixed-head condition and the free-head condition should be reflected in the design. This statement may induce an over-estimated design for the bridge which have very good quality structures with casing covered drilled shafts and the PC-house contained pile cap. Because the assumption of free-head conditions (hinge connections) are unreal for the elevated pile cap system with multiple piles of the long span sea-crossing bridges. On the other hand, elastic displacement method to evaluate the pile reactions under the pile cap is not suitable for this type of bridges due to impractical assumptions. So, full modeling techniques which analyze the superstructure and the substructure simultaneously should be performed. Loads and stress state of the very large diameter drilled shaft and the pile cap for Incheon Bridge which will the longest bridge in Korea were investigated through the full modeling for rigid connection conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.847-865
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• 2016

In this study, a series of geotechnical centrifugal tests were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of settlement control of two types of rigid pile structure embankments (PRSE) in collapsible loess under high-speed railway embankments. The research results show that ground reinforcement is required to reduce the post-construction settlement and settlement rate of the embankments. The rigid pile structure embankments using rigid piles can substantially reduce the embankment settlement in the construction of embankments on collapsible loess, and the efficiency in settlement reduction is affected by the pile spacing. The pile-raft structure embankments (PRSE) have much stronger ability in terms of the effectiveness of settlement control, while the pile-geogrid structure embankments (PGSE) provides rapid construction as well as economic benefits. Rational range of pile spacing of PRSE and PGSE are suggested based on the requirements of various railways design speeds. Furthermore, the time effectiveness of negative skin friction of piles and the action of pile-cap setting are also investigated. The relevant measures for improving the bearing capacity and two parts of transition zone forms as positive control mean have been suggested.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.971-995
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• 2014

The parts of semi-rigid connected and partially embedded piles in elastic soil, above the soil and embedded in the soil are called the first region and second region, respectively. The upper end of the pile in the first region is supported by linear-elastic rotational spring. The forth order differential equations of both region for critical buckling load of partially embedded and semi-rigid connected pile with shear deformation are established using small-displacement theory and Winkler hypothesis. These differential equations are solved by differential transform method (DTM) and analytical method and critical buckling loads of semirigid connected and partially embedded pile are obtained, results are given in tables and graphs are presented for investigating the effects of relative stiffness of the pile and flexibility of rotational spring.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2008

다수의 말뚝을 캡(확대기초)으로 연결하여 하중을 지지하는 다주식 기초에 대하여 캡의 연결부를 강결합 조건과 힌지결합 조건으로 구분하여 말뚝 반력 해석의 합리성을 분석하였으며, 널리 사용 중인 탄성변위법과 라멘식 프레임 해석에 기반한 비선형 해석기법을 비교하여 검토하였다. 특히 실제 해상 장대교량의 조건을 대상으로 상부구조와 기초를 연계한 전체 구조계 해석 결과를 분석하여 말뚝머리 구속 조건에 대한 기초 부재 단면력 산정의 적정성을 파악하였다. 이를 위해 캡과 연결된 각 말뚝에서 발생하는 휨모멘트, 전단력, 압축력 등 반력을 산정하고 PM상관도 분석과 지지력 산정을 통해 말뚝 부재의 안정성을 검토하였다. 일반적인 규모의 교량, 또는 강성이 크지 않은 말뚝을 적용한 기초에서는 말뚝-캡 결합 조건에 따른 말뚝 단면 설계의 차이가 현저하지 않으나, 말뚝이 지면 위로 일정 길이 이상 돌출되는 다주식 기초의 해상교량에서는 말뚝머리를 힌지로 고려할 경우 지중부에서 매우 큰 휨모멘트와 전단력이 유발되며, 말뚝머리의 수평변위량이 극단적으로 증가하였다. 해상 장대교량에 대해서는 비현실적 가정조건에 기반한 탄성변위법 보다는 말뚝머리를 캡에 강결합하고 말뚝이 탄성판에 지지된 보로 간주하는 라멘(rahmen) 모델링을 통해 상부구조와 연계한 전체 구조계 해석을 수행하는 것이 바람직하다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.589-597
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• 2018

Centrifuge model tests were used to simulate pile-raft composite foundation and pile-geogrid composite foundation with different pile spacing for researching the time effect of negative skin friction of rigid piles in high-speed railways. The research results show that the negative skin friction has a significant impact on the bearing capacity of composite foundation. Pile-raft composite foundation has higher bearing capacity compared to pile-geogrid composite foundation to reduce the effect of negative skin friction on piles. Both the foundation settlement and negative skin friction have significant time effect. The distribution of skin friction can be simplified as a triangle along the pile. The neutral point position moves deeper in the postconstruction stage at larger pile spacing. For pile-geogrid composite foundation, the setting of pile-cap affects the position of neutral point in the post-construction stage. Reinforced cushion with geotextile may promote the better performance of cushion for transmitting the loads to piles and surrounding soils. Arching effect in the cushion of the composite foundation is a progressive process. The compression of the rigid piles contributes less than 20% to 25% of the total settlement while the penetration of the piles and the compression of the bearing stratum below the pile tips contribute more than 70% of the total settlement. Some effective measures to reduce the settlement of soils need to be taken into consideration to improve the bearing capacity of pile foundation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.679-703
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• 2014

This paper investigates nonlinear response of 51 laterally loaded rigid piles in sand. Measured response of each pile test was used to deduce input parameters of modulus of subgrade reaction and the gradient of the linear limiting force profile using elastic-plastic solutions. Normalised load - displacement and/or moment - rotation curves and in some cases bending moment and displacement distributions with depth are provided for all the pile tests, to show the effect of load eccentricity on the nonlinear pile response and pile capacity. The values of modulus of subgrade reaction and the gradient of the linear limiting force profile may be used in the design of laterally loaded rigid piles in sand.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.575-587
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• 2005

Using the nonlinear load transfer function for pile side soil and the linear load transfer function for pile end soil, a combined approach of the incremental load transfer matrix method and the approximate differential equation solution method is presented for the nonlinear analysis of interaction between flexible pile group and soil. The proposed method provides an effective approach for the solution of the nonlinear interaction between flexible pile group under rigid platform and surrounding soil. To verify the accuracy of the proposed method, a static load test for a nine-pile group under a rigid platform is carried out. The finite element analysis is also conducted for comparison purposes. It is found that the results from the proposed method match very well with those from the experimental test and are better in comparison with the finite element method.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2013

수평하중을 받는 말뚝의 거동 예측에는 일반적으로 비선형 p-y 곡선을 이용한 BNWF(Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation) 해석법이 주로 사용된다. BNWF 해석법은 다양한 사례를 통하여 정확성이 입증된 반면 군말뚝의 경우 p-multiplier를 사용해야 하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이와같은 단점은 유한요소 또는 차분법의 사용으로 해결할 수 있다. 이 방법 적용 시, 지반과 말뚝은 솔리드 요소로 모델링된다. 하지만, 말뚝을 솔리드 요소로 모사하게 되면 회전 자유도가 없어 정확성이 감소하며 이를 극복하기 위해서는 요소의 크기를 현저하게 감소시켜야 하지만 3D 해석에서 요소 수의 증가는 막대한 연산시간이 요구되므로 적용에 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 단점을 극복하는 빔요소와 Rigid 링크를 이용한 말뚝 모델링 방법을 구축하였으며 이의 적용성을 현장시험결과와 BNWF의 비교를 통하여 검증하였다. 사용된 해석 프로그램은 지진공학용으로 개발된 OpenSees이다. 비교 결과, 빔요소와 Rigid 링크를 이용한 방법은 비교적 정확하게 현장시험결과와 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 추후 이 방법은 군말뚝의 해석에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2022

Simplified analytical solutions are developed for the dynamic analyses of an axially loaded pile foundation embedded in a transverse-isotropic, fluid-filled, poro-visco-elastic soil with rigid substratum. The pile is modeled as a viscoelastic Rayleigh-Love rod, while the surrounding soil is regarded as a transversely isotropic, liquid-saturated, viscoelastic, porous medium of which the mechanical behavior is represented by the Boer's poroelastic media model and the fractional derivative model. Upon the separation of variables, the frequency-domain responses for the impedance function of the pile top, and the vertical displacement and the axial force along the pile shaft are gained. Then by virtue of the convolution theorem and the inverse Fourier transform, the time-domain velocity response of the pile head is derived. The presented solutions are validated, compared to the existing solution, the finite element model (FEM) results, and the field test data. Parametric analyses are made to show the effect of the soil anisotropy and the excitation frequency on the pile-soil dynamic responses.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 수치해석을 통해 말뚝캡의 강성에 따른 거동차이를 분석하였다. 따라서 강성캡과 연성캡을 선정하여 상부교각과 하부군말뚝기초를 일체화하여 일련의 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 시 캡강성에 영향을 주는 캡의 탄성계수와 두께, 상부 교각길이, 지반반력, 그리고 말뚝직경 등을 고려하였다. 본 연구결과 군말뚝내 개별말뚝에 작용하는 하중은 말뚝캡의 강성에 크게 좌우되었으며 그 결과, 연성캡 해석결과는 강성캡에 비하여 수평하중과 휨모멘트가 상대적으로 크게 발생하므로 좀 더 보수적인 설계가 가능하리라 판단된다.