• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2016

The quantitative analytical method for the bioactive substance, 3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone (ricinine) and an index compound, ricinoleic acid in castor plant (Ricinus communis) extract or oil was developed. For the determination of a pyridone alkaloid compound, ricinine, successive cartridge cleanup method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography was set up with $ENVI-Carb^{TM}$ (0.5 g) and $C_{18}$ SPE cartridges. Accuracy and precision were evaluated through fortification studies of one biopesticide (PE) at 10 and $100mg\;kg^{-1}$. Mean recoveries of ricinine were 98.7 and 96.0 % associated with less than 10 % RSD, respectively. For the determination of ricinoleic acid in castor extract and oil, saponification and methylation were optimized using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Recovery was more than 84.8 % associated with 6.2 % RSD after derivatization procedure. Both methodologies developed were applied to analyze real samples including three castor oil products and six commercially available biopesticides containing R. communis, collected at Korean market. The contents of ricinine and ricinoleic acid in most commercial biopesticides were less than the oil or extract contents indicated by label.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.452-458
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• 2015

The biocatalytic efficiency of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 expressing the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase of Micrococcus luteus NCTC2665 was studied. Recombinant C. glutamicum converts ricinoleic acid to a product, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 12-ketooleic acid (12-oxo-cis-9-octadecenoic acid). The effects of pH, reaction temperature, and non-ionic detergent on recombinant C. glutamiucm whole cell bioconversion were examined. The determined optimal conditions for production of 12-ketooleic acid are pH 8.0, 35℃, and 0.05 g/l Tween80. Under these conditions, recombinant C. glutamicum produces 3.3 mM 12-ketooleic acid, with a 72% (mol/mol) maximum conversion yield, and 1.1 g/l/h volumetric productivity in 2 h; and 3.9 mM 12-ketooleic acid, with a 74% (mol/mol) maximum conversion yield, and 0.69 g/l/h maximum volumetric productivity in 4 h of fermentation. This study constitutes the first report of significant production of 12-ketooleic acid using a recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum-based biocatalyst.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.621-634
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• 2001

The characteristics of enzymatic methanolysis of castor oil were investigated as a clean technology. Among 16 lipases tested in this study, Novozym 435 showed the highest activity in methanolysis. Solvents had different effects on the methanolysis of castor oil according to weight percent (wt%) of Novozym 435. Heptane showed best activity with 1 wt% of Novozym 435, while isopropyl ether gave the best yield of ricinoleic acid methyl ester with 0.5 wt% of that. Ricinoleic acid methyl ester was obtained in 86% of yield through the methanolysis of castor oil catalyzed by Novozym 435 (1.0 wt%) during 24hr.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.301-305
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• 2008

Forty Ricinus communis collections were obtained from RDA National Agrobiodiversity Center for knowing the possibility of the use as a bio-diesel possibility crop. These are analysis results about crude fat and fatty acid. Gas chromatogram of seed collections analysis showed 6 peaks and retention time of ricinoleic acid was about 17.1 minute. Average oil content of collections were ranged from 44.6 to 49.4% and the difference was between maximum 52.5% and minimum 41.4%. Fatty acid composition was almost unsaturated fatty acid of 97.6% and saturated fatty acid showed low content of 2.4%. Ricinoleic acid was 87.3% and the content of oleic acid and linoleic acid in fatty acid was 4.6%, and 5.2%, respectively. The content of palmitic acid and stearic acid was about 1% and the difference was insignificant. The content of linolenic acid was extremely low as 0.6%.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.131-134
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• 2006

The in vitro anti-fungal activity of hydroxylated fatty acids obtained from microbial conversion by Psuedomonas aeruginosa PR3 using ricinoleic acid(RA), eicosadienoic acid(EDA) and conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) as substrates, was investigated. Bioconverted hydroxylated fatty acids showed different anti-fungal activities potentials against the range of phytopathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotonia sclerotiorum, Colletotricum capsici, Fusarium solani and Phytophthora capsici. RA and EDA showed up to 50% fungal mycelial inhibition at the concentration of $5{\mu}l\;ml^{-1}$. RA, EDA and CLA also exhibited anti-fungal activities with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC), ranging from 500 to $1000{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$. Screening was also carried out using varied concentrations of bioconverted RA and EDA for determining the anti-fungal effect on the spore germination of different fungi. Bioconverted RA and EDA showed a considerable degree of spore germination inhibition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2019

Natural gamma-decalactone (GDL) produced by biotransformation is an essential food additive with a peach-like aroma. However, the difficulty of effectively controlling the concentration of the substrate ricinoleic acid (RA) in water limits the biotransformation productivity, which is a bottleneck for industrialization. In this study, expanded vermiculite (E-V) was utilized as a carrier of RA to increase its distribution in the medium. E-V and three commonly used organic compounds were compared with respect to their effects on the biotransformation process, and the mechanism was revealed. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that RA was physically adsorbed onto the surface of and inside E-V instead of undergoing a chemical reaction, which increased the opportunity for interactions between microorganisms and the substrate. The highest concentration of GDL obtained in the medium with E-V was 6.2 g/l, which was 50% higher than that in the reference sample. In addition, the presence of E-V had no negative effect on the viability of the microorganisms. This study provides a new method for producing natural GDL through biotransformation on an industrial scale.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.704-708
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• 2015

For the analysis of multiple-reaction intermediates for long-chain dicarboxylic acid biotransformation, simple and reproducible methods of extraction and derivatization were developed on the basis of gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) instead of mass spectrometry. In the derivatization step, change of the ratio of pyridine to MSTFA from 1:3 to 9:1 resulted in higher peak intensity (p = 0.021) and reproducibility (0.6%CV) when analyzing 32 g/l ricinoleic acid (RA). Extraction of RA and ω-hydroxyundec-9-enoic acid with water containing 100 mM Tween 80 showed 90.4-99.9% relative extraction efficiency and 2-7%CV compared with those with hydrophobic ethyl acetate. In conclusion, reduction of the pyridine content and change of the extraction solvent to water with Tween 80 provided compatible derivatization and extraction methods to GC-FID-based analysis of longchain carboxylic acids.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Castor oil and wormseed extract are important active ingredients for biopesticide, and ricinoleic acid in castor oil and three monoterpenes (ascaridole, carvacrol and p-cymene) in wormseed extract are known bioactive substances. However, their stabilities had not been studied, even though the stability was the core property for estimation of shelf-life of biopesticide. Aimed to investigate the thermal stabilities of the bioactive substances in castor oil and wormseed extracts. METHODS AND RESULTS: The contents of ricinoleic acid and three monoterpenes (ascaridole, carvacrol and p-cymene) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The thermal stabilities of the bioactive substance were measured at $0^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$ and $54^{\circ}C$ for 84 d. The half-lives of ricinoleic acid in biopesticides was ranged from 28.9 d to 57.8 d at $30^{\circ}C$, and the stability of pure castor oil were located in the range ($t_{1/2}$=46.2d for Indian product and 27.7 d for Korean product) at the same temperature. The half-lives of the total monoterpenes in biopesticides were ranged from 3.9 d to 27.7 d at $30^{\circ}C$. Among the monoterpenes, the stability ascaridole and p-cymene were decreased in acidic condition. All the bioactive substances showed similar stability on the different thermal conditions. CONCLUSION:The half-lives of most bioactive substance from castor oil and wormseed extracts were less than 100 d. To increase the stability of bioactive substance in biopesticide, stabilizing additives like antioxidant and oxygen remover should be considered to extend of the shelf-life.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1990

The seeds of 16 domestic plants were studied for their moisture, total lipids and fatty acid composition. Of the 16 seeds, chestnut, corn, mungbean and ginko nut yielded less than 9% by weight of total lipids compared to others that gave 20-73%. The identified fatty acids from the seed lipids ranged from lauric acid (12:0) to lignoceric acid(24:0). It was intended in this study to classify the seed lipids according to their major fatty acids: Group t-Oleic acid; Group 2-0leic acid and linoleic acid; Group 3-linoleic acid; Group 4-linolenic acid ; Group 5-erucic acid ; Group 6-ricinoleic acid. The saturated fatty acid content of mungbean (33%) was the highest among the seed lipids studied. The highest value for the P/S fatty acid ratio(10) was in perilla.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.696-701
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• 1999

The enzymatic hydrolysis of Castor oil for the mass production of ricinoleic acid was studied to find out the optimum conditions such as solvents and the weight ratio of substrate to enzyme. Three different lipases were tested for the hydrolysis of castor oil: lipase from Porcine Pancrease(lipsase PP), lipase from Candida cylindracea(lipase CC), lipase from Candida Rugosa(lipase CR). The poor mass transfer in water caused a low degree of hydrolysis of castor oil. To overcome this problem, organic solvents were used. Among organic solvents tested, hydrophobic solvents gave better results of hydrolysis than hydrophilic solvents. Organic solvents also lowered or changed the effect of pH. Isopropyl ether made complete hydrolysis of castor oil. The ratio of water to isopropyl ether and the ratio of weight ratio of lipase to castor oil were important for the hydrolysis of castor oil. At 30$^{\circ}C$ castor oil was completely hydrolyzed by 4 wt% of lipase in the mixture of isopropyl ether and water(1:1 in volume).