• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.70-76
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• 1999

Rice farming is not only the most important income resources of Korean farmers but also the roots of Korean traditional culture. Paddy fields have acted as an food supply base but also have contributed to the public multi-functions such as flood control, water conservation, controlling soil erosion, providing recreational and resting spaces, water purification, air cleaning, oxygen supply and air cooling and so on. The public multi-functions of paddy except rice production have not been evaluated before UR negotiation and starting WTO system. Under the drastic changes of rice economic settings as price decrease of rice and downward decrease of farm income, Korean and Japanese farmers might have lost their intention to grow rice in paddy fields without the direct payment system to compensate rice income decrease. To adapt the direct payment system, the total public value of multi-function of paddy should be identified in terms of money. According to the research results, the total value of multi-functional value of paddy in Korea were estimated 21,596thousand won which is higher than rice production value by 2.1 times. On the other hand the total value of Japanese paddy were amounted to 21,390 Yen which is more than that of Korea by 10times outstandingly. Likewise Japanese have evaluated the paddy field very important enterprise from the view point of food security and multi -functions of paddy to their socio-economic life and environmental sustainability in Japan.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2013

본 연구에서 문헌 조사를 통하여 우리나라에서 논을 이용하는 조류의 현황을 조사하였다. 논을 이용하는 조류는 논의 본답, 논둑, 저수지 또는 관개 수로에서 번식, 휴식 또는 취식을 하는 조류로 정의하였다. 1980년대 이후부터 출판된 자료에 따르면, 논을 이용하는 조류는 총 47과 279종이었다. 도요 물떼새과(18%), 매, 수리 및 올빼미과의 맹금류(12%), 오리과 (11%)의 조류가 논을 주로 이용하였다. 논 이용 조류 중 절반은 겨울철에 건답을 이용하였으며, 39.4%는 봄이나 가을 또는 여름에 습답을 이용하는 종이었다. 논 의존도는 오리류, 백로류 및 도요류가 높았다. 수면성오리 개체군은 지난 12년 동안 감소한 반면에 두루미는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 높은 논 의존도를 갖는 멸종위기종은 두루미, 재두루미, 검은목두루미, 흑두루미, 개리, 흰이마기러기와 따오기였다. 논은 다수의 멸종위기종을 포함하여 다양한 조류에게 사계절 내내 중요한 서식지로 제공되고 있다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.291-300
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• 2005

우리나라 벼 유기농업 실천농가의 가장 큰 애로사항은 알려져 있는 병해 및 잡초 제어기술을 정립하기 위하여 강화 등 5개 지역의 벼 유기농재배지와 관행재배지에서 병해충의 발생 실태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 병해 발생조사결과 도열병은 관행재배지보다 오리농법 재배지에서 발병이 많았고 품종별로는 추청벼 보다 일품벼에서 발병이 많았으며, 잎집무의마름병은 오리농법과 쌀겨농법재배지에서 발병이 많았고 품종별로는 추청벼 보다 일품벼에서 발병이 많았으며, 문고병도 관행재배지보다 오리농법과 쌀겨농법에서 발병이 많은 경향이었다. 2. 친환경 자재의 벼 종자소독 효과시험 결과 현미식초 1,000배액이 키다리병 방제에 효과가 있었으며 발아율도 양호하였고, 시중에 종자소독용으로 유통되고 있는 친환경자재의 도열병에 대한 예방 및 치료효과는 미미하였다. 3. 헤어리벳치 재배구의 헤어리벳치 건물 중이 이앙시기에 추천량의 1/40에 불과하여 헤어리벳치 재배에 의한 토양물리성의 변화는 없었다. 4. 헤어리베치 잎과 뿌리의 추출물질은 상추종자의 발아 억제효과를 보였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.202-216
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• 2017

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient. Thus, evaluating its flows and stocks in rice paddy ecosystems provides important insights into the sustainability and environmental loads of rice production. Among the N sources of paddy fields, atmospheric deposition and irrigation inputs remain poorly understood. In particular, insufficient information is available for atmosphere-rice paddy exchange of gaseous and particulate reactive N (Nr, all N species other than molecular N) which represents the net input or output through dry deposition and emission. In this study, we assessed the N inputs via atmospheric deposition and irrigation to a Japanese rice paddy area by weekly monitoring for 2 years with special emphasis on gas and particle exchange. The rice paddy during the cropping season acted as a net emitter of ammonia ($NH_3$) to the atmosphere regardless of the N fertilizer applications, which reduced the effects of dry deposition to the N input. Dry N deposition was quantitatively similar to wet N deposition, when subtracting the rice paddy $NH_3$ emissions from N exchange. The annual N inputs to the rice paddy were 3.2 to $3.6\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for exchange, 8.1 to $9.8\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for wet deposition, and 11.1 to $14.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for irrigation. The total N input, 22.8 to $27.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, corresponded to 38% to 55% of the N fertilizer application rate and 53% to 67% of the brown rice N uptake. Monitoring of atmospheric deposition and irrigation as N sources for rice paddies will therefore be necessary for adequate N management.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.402-406
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• 2009

The Japonica cultivar 'Janganbyeo' was cultivated and about half of paddy field was totally lodged at 30 days after heading. Both lodged paddy and unlodged paddy were harvested at intervals. The lodged paddy and brown rice did not show any signs of viviparity until the $4^{th}$ day of lodging. The activities of $\alpha$-amylase, diastase, and lipase of lodged paddy and brown rice began to increase on the $2^{nd}$ day of lodging and then increased slowly afterwards. The activities of protease and phytase of lodged paddy and brown rice reached the maximum values on the $2^{nd}$ day and then decreased until the final day of lodging. In contrast, unlodged paddy and brown rice showed relatively small increase in viviparity and in activities of $\alpha$-amylase, diastase, protease, lipase, and phytase. Especially, activities of diastase and lipase were observed even in unlodged paddy and brown rice.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.91.2-92
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• 2003

In order to elucidate influence of nutritional status on rice brown spot caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus, rice cultivation soils and rice straws were collected from paddy fields where ice brown spot occurred severely, moderately, a little and none respectively. Rice plant materials were analyzed to measure inorganic nutrients in rice straws and rice seeds. Analysis of chemical properties of rice paddy soil showed that EC and contents of available phosphate, cation and silicic acid in soil with severe infections were lower than those in healthy soil. This result suggests that amount and holding capacity of nutrient contents in soils collected from paddy field with infection of C. miyabeanus are relatively low compared to those in soils collected from healthy paddy field. Analysis of inorganic nutrients in rice straws showed that amount of macronutrient elements such as silicic acids, available phosphate and total nitrogen, and micronutrients such as copper, iron and zinc in rice straws from paddy field with infection were lower than those in healthy soil. Especially amount of iron and silicic acid were very low in rice straws from paddy field soils with infection Amount of inorganic nutrients such as iron and zinc in rice seeds was the same trend as those of rice straws. These results showed that one of major factors affecting rice brown spot was amount of nutrient contents in soil and rice straw.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.272-284
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• 1992

As a preliminary step toward the development of a multipurpose electrostatic separator for agricultural use, this study investigated the effect of moisture level, geometrical characteristics and the electric field strength of a charging device on the electrostatic charging of brown rice, unhulled paddy, small stones and broken rice that are produced during the milling process. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Average electrostatic charge per unit mass of paddy is greater than that of brown rice. 2. Charge per unit mass of rice kernel increases linearly with moisture content and electric field strength of the charging device, presenting no correlations with length or thickness of rice kernel. 3. Frequency distributions in electrostatic charge per unit mass of paddy and brown rice kernels indicated that the portion, not overlapped, ranged from 10 to 29% with Japonica rice and from 32 to 49% with Indica rice. 4. The difference in moisture content between paddy and brown rice must be over 6%, if they are to be electrostatically separated to over 95%. 5. Theoretical portions of brown rice to be separated from a mixture primarily by the electrostatic charge and secondarily by the length or by the thickness were 95~100% and 27~76%, respectively. 6. Frequency distribution of electrostatic charge for broken kernels overlapped that of paddy and brown rice, which the small stones didn't.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.301-314
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• 2005

우리나라 벼 유기농업 실천농가의 가장 큰 애로사항은 알려져 있는 병해충의 제어기술을 정립하기 위하여 강화 등 5개 지역의 벼 유기농재배지와 관행재배지에서 해충의 발생실태와 방제실태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 벼 생육시기별 해충발생은 강화지역의 오리농법과 쌀겨농법 재배지에서 본답 중기에 애멸구의 밀도가 높았으며 여주지역의 관행재배지에서 본답초기에 벼물바구미의 밀도가 높았다. 홍성지역에서는 본답초기에 관행방제구에 비하여 유기재배지에서 끝동매미충과 벼물바구미의 밀도가 높았다. 시기별 해충발생은 본답후기에 많았으며 지역 간의 차이는 있었으나 유기재배지에서 많은 경향이었다. 2. 홍성지역에서는 오리투입시기에는 발생이 적었으나 본답초기 및 후기에 발생이 많았다. 천적류도 본답후기에 발생이 많았고 지역별로 큰 차이는 없었으며 거미류와 기생봉류가 주류를 이루었다. 홍성지역에서는 유기재배지보다 관행재배지에서 꼬마거미와 접시거미의 발생이 많았다. 논거미의 분포는 대부분 조망성 거미인 꼬마거미과, 접시거미과, 갈거미과 등이 배회성 거미인 늑대거미, 염낭거미, 닷거미 등 보다 다양한 지역에서 발생하였으며, 거미의 발생량은 지역간의 차이가 심하였고 농법간의 차이는 일관성이 없었다. 3. 일부 자재의 경우 방제효과가 높이 나타났으나, 유기농 자재에 대한 효과는 보다 과학적인 검증이 필요한 상태이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.659-671
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• 2021

The physicochemical properties of soil and the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sailmi) were assessed using Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Kowinearly)-rice double cropping systems in the paddy fields at Goseong and Miryang in southern Korea. The average temperatures during the ripening period were approximately 1 ℃ higher than the optimal temperature for rice ripening and the sunshine duration was reduced by frequent rainfall. Consequently, it was slightly below the optimal conditions required for rice ripening. In the soil at Goseong, winter Italian ryegrass cropping increased the pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen (T-N), available P₂O₅, K, Ca, and Mg than winter fallowing. Particularly, the contents of T-N and available P₂O₅increased significantly. In the soil at Miryang, Italian ryegrass slightly increased the electrical conductivity and the T-N, Mg, and Na contents. Therefore, winter Italian ryegrass cropping improved the physicochemical properties of paddy soils; however, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly reduced the culm length at both Goseong and Miryang, without markedly changing the panicle length or number compared to fallow-rice cropping. Furthermore, at Goseong, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly decreased the spikelet number and milled rice yield, and increased the ripened grain rate; however, at Miryang, contrasting results were observed. In addition, fallow-rice cropping revealed no differences in the head rice or opaque rice rates. The protein content was slightly increased in Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping, without significant changes in the amylose content or Toyo value, compared to that in fallow-rice cropping. The peak and breakdown viscosities were slightly decreased. These results indicate that winter Italian ryegrass cropping might alter rice taste but may not exhibit remarkable negative effects on rice cultivation. Therefore, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping system is recommended for paddy fields in southern Korea. Nevertheless, to increase the rice yield and quality, fertilization standards for rice cropping that consider the changes in the T-N and organic matter contents in paddy fields caused by winter Italian ryegrass cropping need to be established.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2012

Food policy is considered as the most basic and central issue for all countries, while making efforts to keep each country's food sovereignty and enhance food self-sufficiency. In the case of Korea where the staple food is rice, the rice yield prediction is regarded as a very important task to cope with unstable food supply at a national level. In this study, Korean paddy Rice yield Prediction Model (KRPM) developed to predict the paddy rice yield using meteorological element and MODIS NDVI. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out by using the NDVI extracted from satellite image. Six meteorological elements include average temperature; maximum temperature; minimum temperature; rainfall; accumulated rainfall and duration of sunshine. Concerning the evaluation for the applicability of the KRPM, the accuracy assessment was carried out through correlation analysis between predicted and provided data by the National Statistical Office of paddy rice yield in 2011. The 2011 predicted yield of paddy rice by KRPM was 505 kg/10a at whole country level and 487 kg/10a by agroclimatic zones using stepwise regression while the predicted value by KOrea Statistical Information Service was 532 kg/10a. The characteristics of changes in paddy rice yield according to NDVI and other meteorological elements were well reflected by the KRPM.