• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 1993

답전윤환지(畓田輪換地) 토양(土壤)에서 작부체계(作付體系)를 달리했을때 작물(作物)의 생육시기별(生育時期別) 토양(土壤)에서 방출(放出)되는 지구온난화원인(地球溫暖化原因)가스 -이산화탄소(二酸化炭素)($CO_2$), 메탄($CH_4$) 및 아산화질소(亞酸化窒素)($N_2O$) -양(量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 보면 다음과 같다. 1. 작물재배기간중(作物栽培期間中) 이산화탄소(二酸化炭素)의 방출량(放出量)은 벼 연작재배시(連作栽培時) 가장많고 벼와 콩의 윤작재배시(輪作栽培時) 가장 적은 양(量)을 방출(放出)했으며, 답전윤환(畓田輪換) 방법별(方法別)로는 벼 연작토양(連作土壤)이 가장 많았고 매년윤환(每年輪換) 및 이년윤환(二年輪換)은 비슷했으며, 전전환시(田轉換時) 가장 적은 방출량(放出量)을 보였다. 2. 메탄의 방출량(放出量)은 벼 연작재배토양(連作栽培土壤)에서 가장많은 방출량(放出量)을 보였으며 답전윤환(畓田輪換) 및 벼와 콩 혹은 감자와 배추 등(等)을 윤작재배(輪作栽培)하므로써 방출량(放出量)의 뚜렸한 감소를 보였다. 3. 아산화질소(亞酸化窒素) 방출량(放出量)은 감자와 배추를 이년(二年)마다 윤환재배(輪煥栽培)하므로써 가장많은 방출량(放出量)을 보였으며 다음은 벼 윤작재배구(輪作栽培區)에서 많았다. 그러나 답전윤환구(沓田輪換區)의 벼와 콩 및 감자와 배추를 윤작재배(輪作栽培)하므로써 뚜렷한 감소(減少)를 보였다. 4. 토양(土壤) 공기중(空氣中) 산소(酸素) 및 이산화탄소(二酸化炭素) 구성비율(構成比率)은 작물(作物)의 생육시기(生育時期)에 따라 대단히 상이(相異)했으며 작물재배기간중(作物栽培期間中) 산소(酸素)는 4~10%로 대기(大氣)보다 낮고 이산화탄소(二酸化炭素)는 1~22%로 대기(大氣)보다 수십 내지 수백배로 높았으며 변이(變異) 폭(幅)이 대단히 컸다. 5. 작물재배기간중(作物栽培期間中) 이산화탄소(二酸化炭素)($CO_2$), 메탄($CH_4$) 및 아산화질소(亞酸化窒素)($N_2O$) 등(等) "지구(地球) 온난화(溫暖化) 원인(原因)가스"의 방출(放出)은 작물재배지(作物栽培地) 토양(土壤)의 수분(水分), 온도(溫度), 산소농도(酸素濃度) 및 양분(養分) 등(等)의 변화(變化)와 작물생육시기(作物生育時期)에 따라 크게 영향(影響)되었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 1995

벼 건답직파(乾짧直播) 재배답(栽培畓)에서의 잡초발생(雜草發生) 양상(樣相)을 구명(究明)하고 효과적(效果的)인 제초체계(除草體系) 확립(確立)을 위하여 1994년도에 영남농업시험장(領南農業試驗場)에서 수행(遂行)한 일련(一連)의 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 벼 단작(單作)의 1모작답(毛作畓)에 비하여 미맥(米麥) 2모작답(毛作畓)에서는 피를 비롯한 대부분의 잡초(雜草) 발생(發生)이 경감(輕減)되었고, 전체적(全體的)으로 약 30%정도(程度)의 잡초발생(雜草發生) 경감효과(輕減效果)가 있었으며, 벼수량(收量)도 증수(增收)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. 성력화(省力化)를 위한 무경운(無耕耘) 재배(栽培)는 앵미와 이형주(異型株)의 발생(發生)을 증가(增加)시킬 뿐만 아니라 피와 독새풀의 발생(發生)도 급증(急增)하였다. 3. 피와 바랭이는 온도(溫度)가 낮을수록, 종자(種子)가 깊이 묻힐수록 출아(出芽)가 늦었으며, 동일(同一)한 조건(條件)(온도(溫度), 종자매몰심도(種子埋沒深度))에서 피는 바랭이 에비하여 3-5일(日) 출아(出芽)가 빨랐다. 출아율(出芽率)도 온도(溫度)와 매몰심도(埋沒深度)에 영향(影響)을 받았는데, 피는 온도(溫度)의 영향(影響)이 큰 반면(反面) 바랭이는 매몰심도(埋沒深度)의 영향(影響)이 컸다. 4. 수량성(收量性) 확보(確保)를 전제로한 바람직한 제초체계(除草體系)는 건답상태(乾畓狀態)(벼 출아기전후(出芽期前後))에서 1회처리(回處理)+담수상태(湛水狀態) l회(回)의 체계처리(體系處理)로서, 전(全) 생육기간(生育期間)에 걸쳐 90%정도(程度)의 제초효과(除草效果)를 나타내었으며, 수량성(收量性)도 손제초구(除草區) 대비(對比)90%를 상회(上廻)하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제44권7호
• /
• pp.53-63
• /
• 2002

Runoff, sediments and nutrient losses were studied under different patterns of paddy field management: (1) fall and spring plowing (Plowing)i (2) fall plowing for half of plot and spring plowing (Semi-plowing); (3) no-till for fall and spring plowing (Un-plowing) during the non-cropping period in the southern Korea for two years. The runoff amount and initial abstract were significantly affected by plowing practices. Un-plowing plot showed the highest runoff amount among treatments. The concentrations of sediment from Plowing plot were much higher than those from Un-plowing plot, especially after (all plowing. Sediment losses from Plowing plot were 25% more than those from Un-plowing plot. There was significant difference in nutrient losses via runoff water and sediment according to plowing practice. Two-year average of losses of N from paddy field during non-cropping period were 9.42 kg ha$\^$-1/, 8.17kg ha$\^$-1/, and 7.76 kg ha$\^$-l/ for Un-plowing, Semi-plowing, and Plowing plot, respectively, while losses of P were 0.64 kg ha$\^$-1/, 0.58 kg ha$\^$-1/, and 0.58 kg ha$\^$-1/ for each tillage system. Losses of total-N, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, Total-P from Un-plowing plot was larger than those from Plowing and Semi-plowing plots during study period.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2000년도 춘계 학술대회지
• /
• pp.168-169
• /
• 2000

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2000년도 추계 학술대회지
• /
• pp.28-45
• /
• 2000

It was unusual crop weather for 1998 and 1999 compared with normal in Korea. The consecutive days of the optimum ripening period for rice plant that had daily mean temperature 21-23C for 40 days after heading, increased with long anomalies in 1998-99. The air temperature during ripening period was much higher than the optimum temperature and lower sunshine hour than normal in the local adaptability tests of newly developed rice lines during those years. In response of rice cultivation to warming and cloudy weather during crop season, the yield shall be decreased. Most scientists agree that the rate of heating is accelerating and temperature change could become increasingly disruptive. Weather patterns should also become more erratic. Agrometeorologists could be analyzed yearly variations of temperature, sunshine hour and rainfall pattern focused on transient agroclimate change for last a decade. Rice agronomists could be established taking advantage of real time agricultural meteorology information system for fertilization, irrigation, pest control and harvest. Also they could be analyzed the characteristics of flowering response of the recommended and newly bred rice cultivars for suitable cropping plan such as cultural patterns and sowing or transplanting date. Rice breeders should be deeply considered introducing the characteristics of basic vegetative type of flowering response like Tonsil rices as prospective rice cultivars corresponding to global warming because of the rices needed higher temperature at ripening stage than Japonica rices, photoperiod sensitive and thermo-sensitive ecotypes

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
• /
• pp.332-332
• /
• 2017

Rice ratooning is the cultural practices to produce easily second rice from the stubble left behind after the main-crop harvest. The main advantage of rice ratooning is that in areas where rice is the main crop, double crop of rice can be grown for additional returns. Three early ripened rice cultivars were tested for estimation their milled rice quality and starch characteristics from main and ratoon rice. The main crop was harvested at mass maturity, after which the tillers were mowed to stubbles of about 10 cm tall. And then it left without any further input until the ratooned plant was ready for harvest. Highly significant variations were detected in the milled rice quality between main and ratoon rice. Protein and amylose contents of ratoon rice were more increased than those of main rice. The Toyo value (gloss) of cooked rice of ratoon crop was measured also higher than that of main crop. It resulted from higher air temperature during grain ripening compared with that of ratoon crop. The mean temperature during ripened period of ratoon rice was favorable for optimal maturation for early ripened rice cultivars. Normalized chromatograms of branch chain length distribution of amylopectin are demonstrated a distinct difference between main and ratoon rice flour. Ratoon rice had higher amount of short chains than that of main crop rice starches. Microscopic examination of rice flours with scanning electron microscopy shows starch granule shapes affected by the cropping types, main and ratoon rice. It showed significant differences among rice starch granule shapes and in granule size between main and ratoon rice. Starch of ratoon rice had more neat and smaller granules than that of main rice.

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.24-34
• /
• 1985

남부지역(南部地域)의 논 잡초발생(雜草發生) 및 경합특성(競合特性)을 파악(把握)하기 위하여, 농산(農産)벼와 동진(東津)벼를 공시(供試)하여 보통기(普通期)와 맥후작기재배(麥後作期栽培)에서 비교(比較)하였다. 이앙후(移秧後) 15일간격(日間隔)으로 조사일정(調査日程)을 정(定)하고 각기간(各其間)까지 잡초방임(雜草放任) 또는 무잡초상태(無雜草狀態)를 유지(維持)하면서 시험구별(試驗區別)로 잡초발생(雜草發生)을 조사(調査)하고 수확기(收穫期)에 수도생육량(水稻生育量) 수량요소(水量要素) 및 수량조사(收量調査)를 하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 우점종(優占種)은 물달개비와 올챙고랭이었으며, 사초과(莎草科) 잡초(雜草)의 종우점도(種優占度는 맥후작(麥後作)보다 보통기작(普通期作)에서, 동진(東津)벼 보다는 농산(農産)벼 재배지(栽培地)에서 높은 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. 잡초발생(雜草發生)은 보통기(普通期)의 경우, 동진(東津)벼 보다 농산(農産)벼에서 발생수(發生數)는 적었으나 생육량(生育量)은 컸으며, 맥후작기(麥後作期)에서는 오히려 농산(農産)벼에서 발생수(發生數)가 많고 생육량(生育量)은 적은 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 공시(供試)했던 두 품종(品種)의 벼 모두가 잡초경합(雜草競合)으로 엽중(葉重)과 정조중(正租重)의 감소(減少)가 인정(認定)되었으며, 보통기작(普通期作)에서는 수당영화수(穗當穎花數)(농산(農産)벼), 맥후작(麥後作)에서는 두 품종(品種) 모두 등숙율(等熟率)(동진(東津)벼)의 감소(減少)에 의하여, 맥후작(麥後作)에서는 두 품종(品種) 모두 등숙율과(等熟率)과 립중감소(粒重減少)로 감수(減收)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 물달개비와 올챙고랭이가 우점(優占)했던 본 연구(硏究)의 경우, 수도(水稻)의 잡초경합특성(雜草競合特性)은 치명적(致命的) 경합기간(競合期間)이 길고 잡초발생허용기간(雜草發生許容期間)이 상대적(相對的)으로 짧은 경향(傾向)이었다. 5. 잡초경합(雜草競合)으로 인한 벼의 최대감수(最大減收)는 품종(品種)과 작기변동(作期變動)에 따라 무잡초구(無雜草區)의 25~55%에 달하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.307-313
• /
• 1984

우리나라 중북부(中北部) 산간지방(山間地方)의 표고별(標高別) 온도(溫度) 체감율(遞減率)을 밝히기 위(爲)하여, 강원도(江原道) 평창군내(平昌郡內) 표고(標高)가 다른 3개지점(個地点)에서 측정(測定)된 최고기온(最高氣溫), 최저기온(最低氣溫)의 6개년(個年) 평균치(平年値)(1977~1982年) 기상자료(氣象資料)를 이용(利用)하여 표고(標高) 상승(上昇)에 따른 평균기온(平均氣溫) 체감율(遞減率)을 밝히고, 그 이용방안(利用方案)으로 일평균(月平均) 기온(氣溫)을 추정(推定)하여 표고별(標高別)로 이론적(理論的) 수도재배(水稻栽培) 기간(期間)을 설정(設定)한 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. (1) 표고(標高)가 상승(上昇)함에 따라 월평균기온(月平均氣瑥)은 일정(一定)한 비율(比率)은 체감(遞減)하여, 표고(標高) 100m 상승(上昇)함에 따라 $0.53^{\circ}C{\sim}1.02^{\circ}C$의 범위(範圍)에서 평균기온(平均氣溫)이 체감(遞減)하였으며, 연평균체감율(年平均遞減率)은 $0.69^{\circ}C/100m$이었다. (2) 표고(標高)가 l00m 상승(上昇)함에 따라 약 7~8일(日)의 수도재배(水稻栽培) 가능기간(可能期間)이 짧아지는 것으로 나타났다. (3) 소요적산온도(所要積算溫度) $1,800^{\circ}C$ 되는 품종(品種)은 표고(標高) 300m까지, $1,400^{\circ}C$ 이하(以下) 품종(品種)은 500m, $1,200^{\circ}C$ 정도(程度)의 극조생종품종(極早生種品種)은 표고(標高) 600m까지 재배가능(栽培可能)한 것으로 나타났다. (4) 표고별(標高別) 출수기(出穗期) 만한일(晩限日)은 표고(標高) 300m에서 8월(月) 15일(月)이었으며 100m 상승(上昇)함에 따라 4~5일(日)씩 앞당겨지는 경향(傾向)이었다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• 제18권
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2000

A field case study was performed to investigate the effect of shallow ponding in paddy field on irrigation water requirement of direct seeded rice. In addition, an economic analysis was made to see the effect of no-till direct seeded rice on cost reduction. A field study was performed at a 2.1ha paddy field in Kimjae city, Chonbuk province from 1991 to 1999. Various direct seeding methods such as dryland seeding, wetland seeding, and no-till wetland seeding were introduced. Then, cost reductions due to the direct seeding and no-till were calculated. In addition, to investigate the effect of shallow ponding on irrigation water requirement, field measurements such as irrigation water volume, drainage water volume, rainfall depth, and ponding depth, were made at a 40a plot within the same area in 1988 and 1990. The results of the shallow ponding study showed that the irrigation water depth, rainfall, and the drainage depth were 379mm, 458mm, and 448mm in 1988 growing season, and 274mm, 819mm, and 736mm in 1990, respectively. The shallow ponding irrigation method saved irrigation water by about 20% with higher yield compared with the traditional method. The economic analysis showed that won \640,000 per ha can be saved by direct seeding due to no nursery cost, and \1,220,000 per ha due to no-till and no nursery cost. The yields ranged 540 to 640 kg per 10a during the study period with an average of 590kg per 10a. If these cropping techniques with no-till direct seeding and shallow ponding depth for rice cropping prove to be advantageous with further study, they can be adopted for the most of the paddy fields in Korea.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2006

Application of herbicide for rice cropping is inevitable but notorious for its side effect of environmental pollution. Precision fanning will be one of important tools for the least input and sustainable fanning and could be achieved by implementation of the variable rating technology. If a device to detect weeds in rice field is available, herbicide could be applied only to the places where it is needed by the manner of the variable rating technology. The study was carried out to develop an algorithm of image processing to detect weeds in rice field using a machine vision system of multi-spectral digital images. A series of multi-spectral rice field picture of 560, 680 and 800 nm of center wavelengths were acquired from the 27th day to the 39th day after transplanting in the ineffective tillering stage of a rice growing period. A discrimination model to distinguish pixels of weeds from those of rice plant and weed image was developed. The model was proved as having accuracies of 83.6% and 58.9% for identifying the rice plant and the weed, respectively. The model was used in the algorithm to differentiate weed images from mingled images of rice plant and weed in a frame of rice field picture. The developed algorithm was tested with the acquired rice field pictures and resulted that 82.7%, 11.9% and 5.4% of weeds in the pictures were noted as the correctly detected, the undetected and the misclassified as rice, respectively, and 81.9% and 18.0% of rice plants in the pictures were marked as the correctly detected and the misclassified as weed, respectively.