• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.316-324
• /
• 2021

Background: Korea Red Ginseng (KRG) has been used as remedies with hepato-protective effects in liver-related condition. Microbiota related gut-liver axis plays key roles in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. We evaluated the effect of KRG on gut-liver axis in patients with nonalcoholic statohepatitis by the modulation of gut-microbiota. Methods: A total of 94 patients (KRG: 45 and placebo: 49) were prospectively randomized to receive KRG (2,000 mg/day, ginsenoside Rg1+Rb1+Rg3 4.5mg/g) or placebo during 30 days. Liver function test, cytokeraton 18, and fatigue score were measured. Gut microbiota was analyzed by MiSeq systems based on 16S rRNA genes. Results: In KRG group, the mean levels (before vs. after) of aspartate aminotransferase (53 ± 19 vs. 45 ± 23 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (75 ± 40 vs. 64 ± 39 IU/L) and fatigue score (33 ± 13 vs. 26 ± 13) were improved (p < 0.05). In placebo group, only fatigue score (34 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 15) was ameliorated (p < 0.05). The changes of phyla were not statistically significant on both groups. In KRG group, increased abundance of Lactobacillus was related with improved alanine aminotransferase level and increased abundance of Clostridium and Intestinibacter was associated with no improvement after KRG supplementation. In placebo group, increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae could be related with aggravation of liver enzyme (p < 0.05). Conclusion: KRG effectively improved liver enzymes and fatigue score by modulating gut-microbiota in patients with fatty liver disease. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of improvement of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ClnicalTrials.gov: NCT03945123 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov).

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2020

In this study, the international standard ISO TS 16774 Part 3 Test Method for Water (wash out) Resistance and KS F 4935 ｢Sealant Injection type for water leakage maintenance of adhesive flexible rubber asphalt series｣, which are standardized as a quality control method of injection type repair materials used for water leakage cracks in underground concrete structures, are currently used in Korea. As a result, considering the performance criteria of "mass change rate -0.1%" stipulated in KS F 4935, the remaining 13 types repair materials, excluding RG-2 of synthetic rubber and UG-1 of urethane, need to be reviewed for stabilization of the loss resistance due to the flow of ground water. The results of this study are determined to be available as a basic indicator for the selection of repair materials used for cracks in concrete structures. In addition, it is expected that the results of this study can be utilized as reference data that can be reflected in the improvement of the quality of repair materials that will be researched and developed later.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.631-641
• /
• 2021

Background: Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods: Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results: GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root's biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bioconverted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion: These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.1754-1762
• /
• 2016

Finite difference analysis were applied to study the principle operation of monopole antenna for moisture determination in oil palm fruit at 2 GHz. The electromagnetic field interact with oil palm fruit on the interface between the antenna and oil palm fruit and cause a reflection. The reflection measurement is based on mismatch impedance or dielectric properties between two media. Reflection coefficient is used to quantify the level of reflection. The monopole antenna was made of RG405/U semi-rigid coaxial cable with an inner and outer diameter of 0.45 mm and 1.50 mm, respectively with 2.23 mm length of protruding conductor over 5.66 cm length of monopole antenna. This monopole antenna for moisture detection was compared with induced EMF method in terms of reflection coefficient at 2 GHz. The results show that the complex reflection coefficient measured using monopole antenna provides significant results to predict moisture content in oil palm fruit.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.281-284
• /
• 2007

The objective of this research is to provide basic information necessary to differentiate between ginseng (Panax ginseng) grown in woods environments and cultivated ginseng. The ginseng saponin (ginsenoside) contents of Korean woods-grown, 4 year-old cultivated, and 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs were determined via HPLC analysis. The total saponins in the woods-grown ginseng (0.648%) were approximately twice that of the 4 year-old cultivated (0.270%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (0.280%). The protopanaxadiols (PD)/protopanaxatriols (PT) ratio of the woods-grown ginseng (3.258%) was higher than that of the 4 year-old cultivated (2.456%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (2.183%). The $Rb_1/Rg_1$ ratio of the woods-grown ginseng (10.225%) was also higher than those of the 4 year-old cultivated (3.514%) and the 6 year-old cultivated ginsengs (4.865%).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.196-202
• /
• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of black ginseng jelly prepared with different 5 levels(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) of black ginseng extract. We assessed the ginsenosides level of white and black ginseng for comparison between white and black ginseng. And we conducted the pH, sugar content, Hunter's color values, the mechanical characteristics and sensory evaluation of black ginseng jelly samples. The levels of ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$ of black ginseng were higher than those of white ginseng. The more black ginseng extract was increased, the sugar contents of black ginseng jelly were significantly increased(p<0.05). We noted that the luminance and Hunter's b values of jelly samples were decreased according to black ginseng extract was increased, but in Hunter's a values 0.5% black ginseng jelly was the highest of the all. With regard to the mechanical properties of the black ginseng jelly samples, the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly increased. In color, taste and overall quality, the score of jelly with 1.0% black ginseng extract was significantly increased than those of the all.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.318-324
• /
• 1996

The effects of light on the growth and ginsenosides production were examined in the hairy roots of Panax ginsen C.A. Meyer induced by Agrobacterium rhizogines A4. The 9rowth of ginseng hairy roots in 1/2MS liquid medium was significantly decreased with an increment of light intensity (1,000~7,000 lux). The growth of hairy roots under 7,000 lux condition was decreased at 17% compared to the dark condition. The production of 7 ginsenosides in hairy root was very high in 3,500 lux condition. The production of ginsenoside-Rg, and Rf increased 3.3 and, 2.4 times respectively as compared to dark condition. The growth of hairy roots was inhibited by blue light, while ginsenosides production was increased. The sucrose demands of hairy roots was examined in light condition(3,500 lux). The growth of hairy roots in 1/2MS liquid medium with various sucrose concentrations(1~4%) was high in IVp sucrose, while ginsenosides production was high in 3% sucrose condition. The growth and ginsenosides production were high when hairy roots were cultured in dark condition for 1 week and then transferred to light condition(3,500 lux) for 4 weeks. It is suggested that ginsenosides production could be accelerated by light intensity of specific wavelength in cultures of ginseng hairy roots.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2015.10a
• /
• pp.1597-1599
• /
• 2015

본 논문에서는 곡물이나 광석 등의 원료들 중에서 양품 및 불량품을 검출하기 위해, Color CCD 카메라로 촬영한 원료영상에서 Mean-Shift 클러스터링 알고리즘과 단계별 병합 방법을 제안하고 있다. 먼저 원료 학습 영상에서 배경을 제거하고 영상 색 분포정도를 기준으로 모폴로지를 이용하여 영상의 전경맵을 얻는다. 전경맵 영상에 대해서 Mean-Shift 군집화 알고리즘을 적용하여 영상을 N개의 군집으로 나누고, 단계별로 위치 근접성, 색상대푯값 유사성을 비교하여 비슷한 군집끼리 통합한다. 이렇게 통합된 원료 객체는 영상채널마다의 연관관계를 반영할 수 있도록 RG/GB/BR의 2차원 컬러분포도로 표현한다. 원료 객체별로 변환된 2차원 컬러 분포도에서 분포의 주성분의 기울기와 타원들을 생성한다. 객체별 분포 타원은 테스트 원료 영상데이터에서 양품과 불량품을 검출하는 임계값이 된다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법으로 다양한 원료영상에 실험한 결과, 기존 선별방식에 비해 사용자의 인위적 조작이 적고 정확한 원료 선별 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.7-7
• /
• 2012

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)은 두릅나무과(Araliaceae)에 속하는 식물로 동아시아에서 2,000여년 전부터 보기(補氣)제로 사용된 중요한 약재이다. 홍삼은 인삼의 뿌리를 찐 것으로, 고려시대 이전부터 쪄서 말리는 가공법이 있었던 것으로 알려져 있다. 건강기능식품에서 말하는 홍삼제품은 홍삼을 원재료로 하여 이를 분말화하거나 물이나 주정으로 추출하여 농축 또는 발효하여 식용에 적합하며, 진세노사이드Rg1과 Rb1의 합이 0.8~34 mg/g이 되어야 한다. 2011년 한국의 건강기능식품 시장은 약 3조 6,000억원에 이르며, 홍삼시장은 1조 2,000억원에 이른다. 2007년 6,420억원이었던 홍삼시장이 5년만에 두배가 된 것이다. 홍삼시장이 성장하면서 한국인삼공사(정관장)와 농협중앙회(NH한삼인), 동원F&B(천지인), 웅진식품(다채움수) 등의 회사가 기초연구와 다양한 제품개발을 통하여 경쟁하고 있다. 한국인삼공사의 경우, 최근 식품의약품안전청으로부터 홍삼의 '항산화' 기능에 대하여 건강기능식품기능성원료 인정을 받았고, '홍삼정타브렛'을 출시하였으며 '홍이장군' 브랜드를 리뉴얼하였다. 농협중앙회에서는 이미지 향상을 위한 '지성이면 한삼인' 시리즈와 짜 먹는 '뽀로로 홍삼 젤리'를 출시하였고, 동원F&B은 '홍송조화건조'를 제조공정에 도입하였고, 캡슐형태의 제품을 출시하였으며, 최근에는 꼬마버스 타요를 활용하여 '천지인 꼬마버스 타요' 시리즈를 개발하였다. 웅진식품, 대상웰라이프 등에서도 사포닌이 흡수되기 좋게 만든 '발효홍삼' 제품을 출시하고 있다. 향후 홍삼시장의 지속적인 성장을 위해 기초연구와 소비자의 니즈에 맞는 국내시장만이 아닌 해외시장까지 나아갈 수 있는 특화된 제품 개발이 절실히 요구되는 시점이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.7
• /
• pp.745-754
• /
• 2012

The correlations between Large Early Release Frequency (LERF) and Early Fatality need to be investigated for risk-informed application and regulation. In Regulatory Guide (RG) -1.174, while there are decision-making criteria using the measures of Core Damage Frequency (CDF) and LERF, there are no specific criteria on LERF. Since there are both huge uncertainties and large costs needed in off-site consequence calculation, a LERF assessment methodology needs to be developed, and its correlation factor needs to be identified, for risk-informed decision-making. A new method for estimating off-site consequence has been presented and performed for assessing health effects caused by radioisotopes released from severe accidents of nuclear power plants in this study. The MACCS2 code is used for validating the source term quantitatively regarding health effects, depending on the release characteristics of radioisotopes during severe accidents. This study developed a method for identifying correlations between LERF and Early Fatality and validates the results of the model using the MACCS2 code. The results of this study may contribute to defining LERF and finding a measure for risk-informed regulations and risk-informed decision-making.