• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of red glasswort (RG) (Salicornia herbacea L.) curing on the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of cooked pork loin ham (M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum). Methods: All treatments were cured with different salt and RG powder levels. RG0 treatment was prepared with only 4% NaCl (w/w) as a control, and RG25, 3% NaCl:1% RG (w/w); RG50, 2% NaCl:2% RG (w/w); RG75, 1% NaCl:3% RG (w/w); RG100, 0% NaCl:4% RG (w/w) treatments were prepared sequentially. All samples were individually vacuum packaged in polyethylene bags and stored for 7 d at 3℃±1℃. Results: The results showed that as the rate of RG substitution increased, pH value, redness, myofibrillar protein solubility, and myofibrillar fragmentation index increased (p<0.05), but salt concentration and shear force decreased (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in cooking loss and moisture content. In terms of sensory evaluation, RG100 exhibited higher scores in tenderness and juiciness than RG0 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The partial substitution of NaCl by RG could improve the physicochemical properties, textural and sensory characteristics of cooked pork loin. Therefore, it is suggested that RG as a natural salt replacer could be an effective ingredient for developing low-sodium cured hams.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.508-512
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• 2005

고려인삼의 수출확대를 위해서 백삼 및 태극삼의 사포닌(saponin) 함량에 대한 중국 고려인삼 수입의약품 둥록기준 설정의 기초 자료를 얻고자 조사하였다. 백삼 50구의 크기에 따른 초특대편, 특대편, 대편, 중편 및 소편의 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rb1의 평균 함량은 각각 664.7, 796.9, 674.7, 839.0 및 646.6 mg%이었으며, Rg1/Re의 비율은 각각 1.0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.0 및 1.0의 분포였다. 태극삼 13구의 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re및 -Rb1의 평균 함량은 755.1 mg%, Rg1/Re의 비율은 1.28이었다. 그리고 백삼 50구의 Rg1 평균값은 $232.7{\pm}110.2 mg%$, Re평균값은 $235.3{\pm}101.5 mg%$, Rb1 평균값은 $280.1{\pm}121.3 mg%$으로 이들의 합은 $748.2{\pm}299.4 mg%$이었으며, Rg1/Re의 비율은 1.02이었다. 또한 태극삼 13구의 사포닌 성분의 분석결과, Rg1 평균값은 $262.1{\pm}127.2 mg%$, Re 평균값은 $213.1{\pm}55.7 mg%$, Rb1 평균값은 $279.9{\pm}92.1 mg%$으로 이들의 합은 $755.1{\pm}233.6 mg%$이었다. 백삼과 태극삼의 사포닌 조성 및 함량은 중국수입의약품 등록기준인 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rb1 값의 합이 0.4% 이상이라는 기준규격에 적합하였고, HPLC-ELSD로 분석시 인삼의 분석방법별 기준인 ginsenoside -Rg1과 -Re의 함량비($Rg1/Re{\Leq}3.87$)에 부합되었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2006

한국농업미생물자원센터(Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, KACC)에 보존되어 있는 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 39 균주와 C. acutatum 5 균주를 ribosomal DNA-ITS와 $\beta$-tubulin 부분염기서열과 PDA와 Benomyl-PDA배지에서의 생장 특성에 의하여 재동정 하였다. 그 결과 13 균주가 Talhinhas 등의 C. acutatum A2 그룹으로, 5 균주가 C. acutatum A3 그룹으로, 1 균주가 C. acutatum A4 그룹으로, 18 균주가 Moriwaki 등의 C. gloeosporioides ribosomal DNA group(RG) 4로 2 균주가 C. gioeosporioides RG6로 2 균주가 c. boninense RG5로 2 균주는 C. coccodes RG2 그리고 1 균주는 c. dematium RG12로 재동정되었다. 이들 중에서 한국에서 분리된 31 균주는 12 균주가 C. acutatum A2 그룹으로, 1 균주가 C. acutatum A3 그룹으로, 14 균주가 C. gloeosporioides RG4 로 2 균주가 C. gloeosporioides RG6로 1 균주가 C. boninense RG5로 그리고 1 균주는 C. dematium RG12로 동정되었다. 더불어 C. acutatum/C. gloeosporioides의 분류적인 특징과 국내 주요 기주별 분포 등에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.589-599
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• 2019

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is known as a conventional herbal medicine, and ginsenoside Rg1, a steroid glycoside, is one of its components. Although Rg1 has been proved to have an antiobesity effect, the mechanism of this effect and whether it involves adipose browning have not been elucidated. Methods: 3T3-L1 and subcutaneous white adipocytes from mice were used to access the thermogenic effect of Rg1. Adipose mitochondria and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Protein level and mRNA of UCP1 were also evaluated by Western blotting and realtime polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: Rg1 dramatically enhanced expression of brown adipocyte-especific markers, such as UCP1 and fatty acid oxidation genes, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. In addition, it modulated lipid metabolism, activated 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase, and promoted lipid droplet dispersion. Conclusions: Rg1 increases UCP1 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in 3T3-L1 and subcutaneous white adipose cells isolated from C57BL/6 mice. We suggest that Rg1 exerts its antiobesity effects by promoting adipocyte browning through activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2023

최근 다양한 피부 기능 개선 효과로 기능성 소재로서 활용도가 높은 홍삼 사포닌의 한 종류인 진세노사이드 Rg3를 위한 사과산(malic acid)활용 전환 방법을 확인하였다. 실험 계획법인 반응 표면 분석법(RSM)을 활용하여 진세노사이드 Rg3로의 전환에 영향을 주는 요인을 최적화하기 위한 실험 조건을 설계 및 검증하였다. 주요 독립변수는 사과산 농도, 반응 온도와 반응 시간이었고 Box-Behnken design (BBD)법에 따라 설계된 실험 조건으로 진세노사이드 Rg3로 전환을 수행하고 최적화 조건을 분석하였다. 전환된 진세노사이드 Rg3의 농도는 1.548 mg/L에서 최대 4.558 mg/L까지 확인되었고 사과산 1%, 50℃, 9 h에서 가장 높은 양의 진세노사이드 Rg3생성량을 보였다. 결론적으로, 진세노사이드 Rg3의 생성에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 사과산의 농도, 반응 시간, 온도 순이었다. 또한, 사과산의 농도와 반응 시간의 교호작용이 반응 온도 요인보다 영향도가 큰 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.304-313
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• 2015

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 is a promising anticancer agent. It is usually produced by heat treatment of ginseng, in which ginsenoside Rb1 is the major ginsenoside. A kinetic study was conducted to optimize ginsenoside Rg3 production by the heat treatment of ginsenoside Rb1. Methods: Ginsenoside Rb1 was heated using an isothermal machine at $80^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ and analyzed using HPLC. The kinetic parameters were calculated from the experimental results. The activation energy was estimated and used to simulate the process. The optimized parameters of ginsenoside Rg3 production are suggested based on the simulation. Results: The rate constants were $0.013h^{-1}$ and $0.073h^{-1}$ for the degradation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 at $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The corresponding rate constants at $100^{\circ}C$ were $0.045h^{-1}$ and $0.155h^{-1}$. The estimated activation energies of degradation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 were 69.2 kJ/mol and 40.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate constants at different temperatures were evaluated using the estimated activation energies, and the kinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 at each temperature were simulated based on the proposed kinetic model of consecutive reaction. The optimum strategies for producing ginsenoside Rg3 from ginsenoside Rb1 are suggested based on the simulation. With increased temperature, a high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3 is formed rapidly. However, the concentration decreases quickly after the reaching the maximal concentration value. Conclusion: The optimum temperature for producing ginsenoside Rg3 should be the highest temperature technically feasible below $180^{\circ}C$, in consideration of the cooling time. The optimum reaction time for heat treatment is 30 min.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2024

Background: Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are complex and the current knowledge cannot explain. Growth and regeneration of dendrites together with synaptic formation are the most important parameters for evaluating the cellular protective effects of various molecules. The effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on the growth of retinal ganglion cell processes has been poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the neurite growth of RGCs. Methods: Expression of proteins and mRNA were detected by Western blot and qPCR. cAMP levels were determined by ELISA. In vivo effects of Rg1 on RGCs were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemistry staining. Results: This study found that Rg1 promoted the growth and synaptic plasticity of RGCs neurite by activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. Meanwhile, Rg1 upregulated the expression of GAP43, Rac1 and PAX6, which are closely related to the growth of neurons. Meantime, H89, an antagonist of PKA, could block this effect of Rg1. In addition, we preliminarily explored the effect of Rg1 on enhancing the glycolysis of RGCs, which could be one of the mechanisms for its neuroprotective effects. Conclusion: Rg1 promoted neurite growth of RGCs through cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. This study may lay a foundation for its clinical use of optic nerve diseases in the future.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.743-754
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• 2023

Background: Myocardial fibrosis post-myocardial infarction (MI) can induce maladaptive cardiac remodeling as well as heart failure. Although 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) has been applied to cardiovascular diseases, its efficacy and specific molecular mechanism in myocardial fibrosis are largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to explore whether TGFBR1 signaling was involved in Rg3's anti-fibrotic effect post-MI. Methods: Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation-induced MI mice and TGF-β1-stimulated primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were adopted. Echocardiography, hematoxlin-eosin and Masson staining, Western-blot and immunohistochemistry, CCK8 and Edu were used to study the effects of Rg3 on myocardial fibrosis and TGFBR1 signaling. The combination mechanism of Rg3 and TGFBR1 was explored by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Moreover, myocardial Tgfbr1-deficient mice and TGFBR1 adenovirus were adopted to confirm the pharmacological mechanism of Rg3. Results: In vivo experiments, Rg3 ameliorated myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy and enhanced cardiac function. Rg3-TGFBR1 had the 1.78×10^-7 M equilibrium dissociation constant based on SPRi analysis, and Rg3 inhibited the activation of TGFBR1/Smads signaling dose-dependently. Cardiac-specific Tgfbr1 knockdown abolished Rg3's protection against myocardial fibrosis post-MI. In addition, Rg3 downregulated the TGF-β1-mediated CFs growth together with collagen production in vitro through TGFBR1 signaling. Moreover, TGFBR1 adenovirus partially blocked the inhibitory effect of Rg3. Conclusion: Rg3 improves myocardial fibrosis and cardiac function through suppressing CFs proliferation along with collagen deposition by inactivation of TGFBR1 pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2015

Background: Black ginseng (Ginseng Radix nigra, BG) refers to the ginseng steamed for nine times and fine roots (hairy roots) of that is called fine black ginseng (FBG). It is known that the content of saponin of FBG is higher than that of BG. Therefore, in this study, we examined antitumor effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells to target the FBG extract and its main component, ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5). Methods: Action mechanism was determined by MTT assay, cell cycle assay and western blot analysis. Results: The results from MTT assay showed that MCF-7 cell proliferation was inhibited by Rg5 treatment for 24, 48 and 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. Rg5 at different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and $100{\mu}M$), induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase through regulation of cell cycle-related proteins in MCF-7 cells. As shown in the results from western blot analysis, Rg5 increased expression of p53, $p21^{WAF1/CIP1}$ and $p15^{INK4B}$ and decreased expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2 and CDK4. Expression of apoptosiserelated proteins including Bax, PARP and Cytochrome c was also regulated by Rg5. These results indicate that Rg5 stimulated cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via regulation of cell cycle-associated proteins in MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Rg5 promotes breast cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner with higher potency compared to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in MCF-7 (HER2/ER+) and MDA-MB-453 (HER2+/ER) human breast cancer cell lines, and this suggests that Rg5 might be an effective natural new material in improving breast cancer.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.1452-1458
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• 2010

상처치료 과정 중 ginsenoside Rg1(5,000 ppm, 10,000 ppm) 처리에 의한 효력을 평가하기 위해 SD rats의 등쪽 피부에 biopsy punch를 이용한 4개의 창상을 유발 후, 이 과정에서 일어나는 피부조직의 변화를 관찰하였다. 상처에 Rg1의 도포로 인해 창상치료과정이 활발해짐을 관찰할 수 있었다. Rg1을 처리한 군에서 절개된 상처의 표피화와 수축이 더 빨라졌고 창상면적에 있어서도 양성대조군인 시판연고 도포군과 비교하여 유의하게 줄어들었다. 염색한 조직의 현미경 관찰 결과에서는 정상대조군에서 볼 수 있는 완전한 상피층은 찾을 수 없었으나 Rg1 처리군에서 모낭과 신생혈관이 관찰되었고 상피층의 회복조짐도 관찰되었다. 병변의 TGF-$\beta$ 및 VEGF의 발현량을 조사한 결과 Rg1의 도포에 의하여 더 많은 VEGF의 발현을 유도하고 TGF-$\beta$의 활성화를 차단하여 반흔 형성을 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 Rg1은 흰쥐의 외과적 창상에 치료효과가 있다고 사료된다.