• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1227-1236
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• 1993

In conventional thermodynamics, energy is regarded as a physical quantity transferring from one system to another, but in present study, the real energy is regarded as a physical quantity coming out from one interaction and absorbing into another interaction between two systems. To reconstruct thermodynamics with such a point of view, available work is distinguished from half work in conventional work concepts, and a special space named reversible world is proposed in which every process is reversible and the only measurable quantity is available work and just the equality between the intensities of two systems can be verified. As results, thermodynamic laws are arranged into two principles in the reversible world-conservations of energy elements and conservation of available energy. It means the exsistences of state properties corresponding to transferring energy elements and the available work. The former are extensive properties and the later is named potential work which is a property of the composite system and a kind of mathematical distance. The conventional available energy (exergy) and internal energy can be explained as the special cases of potential work, and the conventional first law of thermodynamics can be derived from the principle of the conservation of available energy. With these new concepts, the description of thermodynamic processes is more comprehensive. The second law of thermodynamics is no longer needed in the reversible world.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1573-1581
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• 2004

Thermodynamic principles are described with a new point of view. In present study, the interaction between two systems is focused instead of the behavior of a system in conventional thermodynamics. The state change of a system cannot occur by itself but it is the result of the interaction between systems. However, the interaction itself is also the result of another kind of interaction, the interaction between two interactions. To reconstruct thermodynamics with such a point of view, the reversible world is imagined, in which conservations and measurements are discussed. There exists a conserved quantity for each mode of reversible interaction. The conserved transferring quantity in the interaction between interactions is the effective work, which is supposed to be measurable and conserved in reversible world. Effective work is the primary concepts of energy. It is the key factor to explain measurements, energy conservation and energy dissipation. The concepts developed in reversible world are applied to the real world in which irreversible phenomena may occur. Irreversibility is the result of effective energy dissipation, in which effective work irreversibly changes into entropy. A quantitative relation between the disappearing effective work and the generated entropy is dissipation equation which is given by experiments. A special temperature scale to give a very simple type of the dissipation equation is the absolute temperature scale, which gives the conventional conservation of energy.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.275-284
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• 1997

Thermodynamic behavior of a composite system which is composed of two simple thermal subsystems with constant heat capacities is analyzed, and several thermodynamic phenomena are investigated. The changes of the states and the potential work of the composite system are shown as the interaction between the subsystems in the composite system. The potential work is defined as the possible maximum available work from the composite system, and it is a thermodynamic property of the composite system. The decrease of the potential work is the same as the available work output from the composite system in reversible processes. The dissipation of available work is directly connected to the generation of entropy. The concepts of exergy and internal energy can be explained as a special case of the potential work.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.42-45
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• 2011

The present work studies a nondestructive evaluation of the degradation of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel using a magnetic method based on the existence of the peaks of reversible permeability (RP) in the differential magnetization around the coercive force. The apparatus is based on detection of the voltage induced in a coil using a lock-in amplifier tuned to the frequency of the AC perturbing field. Results obtained for the reversible permeability and Vickers hardness on the aged samples showed the peak interval of reversible permeability (PIRP) and Vickers hardness decrease as aging time increased. The correlation between Vickes hardness and the PIRP could be used to evaluate degradation of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.657-662
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• 2017

This paper presents the reversible electrolysis characteristics of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using a $10{\times}10cm^2$ anode supported planar cell with an active area of $81cm^2$. In this work, current-voltage characteristic test and reversible electrolysis cycle test were carried out sequentially for 2,114 hours at a furnace temperature of $700^{\circ}C$. The current-voltage characteristics for reversible electrolysis mode was measured at a current of ${\pm}26.7A$ under various $H_2O$ utilization conditions. The reversible electrolysis cycle was performed 50 times at a current of ${\pm}32.4A$. As a result, The performance degradation of SOEC mode was larger than that of SOFC mode.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.990-1000
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• 2015

This paper presents an overlapping pattern substitution (PS) method. The original overlapping PS method as a reversible data hiding scheme works well with only four pattern pairs among fifteen possible such pairs. This paper generalizes the original PS method so that it will work well with an optimal pair from among the fifteen possible pattern pairs. To implement such an overlapping PS method, changeable and embeddable patterns are first defined. A class map is virtually constructed to identify the changeable and embeddable pairs. The run-lengths between consecutive least probable patterns are recorded. Experiments show that an implementation of our overlapping PS method works well with any possible type of pairs. Comparison results show that the proposed method achieves more embedding capacity, a higher PSNR value, and less human visual distortion for a given embedding payload.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.331-337
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• 2017

In this work, we propose an improved form of Zhang's reversible data hiding technique in encrypted image. In the original work, average value of neighboring pixels is used for fluctuation calculation which fails to give good performance. In proposed scheme, to reduce the bit error rate a new function is calculated by summing difference from four neighboring pixels for measuring fluctuation. Moreover, modified calculation of fluctuation function is also proposed where border pixels are considered. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed method outperforms Zhang's and Hong's work. From the results, more information can be sent by using proposed system

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.1197-1202
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• 2009

Cost allocation on cogeneration is a methodology dividing the input of common cost to electricity cost and heat cost. In the cost allocation methodology of the electricity and heat on a cogeneration, there are energy method, work method, proportional method, benefit distribution method, reversible work method, various exergetic methods, and so on. In previous study, various cost allocation methodologies have been applied and analyzed on a gas-turbine cogeneration producing the 33.1 MW of electricity and the 32.2 Gcal/h of heat, a steam-turbine cogeneration producing the 22.2 MW of electricity and the 44.3 Gcal/h of heat, and combined-cycle cogeneration producing the 314.1 MW of electricity and the 279.4 Gcal/h of heat. In this study, we integrately analyze the results of previous studies and examine the generality and rationality each methodology. Additionally, a new point of view on the values of alternative electricity efficiency and alternative heat efficiency in the previous methodologies was proposed. As the integrated result, we conclude that reversible work method of various common cost allocation methodologies is most rational.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.252-259
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• 2009

When various kinds of outputs are produced from a single energy system, the methodology which allocates the common cost to each output cost is very important because it is directly related with the profit and loss of producers and purchasers. In the cost allocation methodology of the heat and the electricity on a cogeneration, there are energy method, work method, proportional method, benefit distribution method, various exergetic methods, and so on. On the other hand, we have proposed a worth evaluation method which can be applied to any system. The definition of this methodology is that the unit cost of a product is proportion to the worth. Where, worth is a certain evaluating basis that can equalize the worth of products. In this study, we applied this methodology to a gas-turbine cogeneration which produces 119.2 GJ/h of electricity and 134.7 GJ/h of steam, and then we allocated 3,150 $/h of fuel cost to electricity cost and steam cost. Also, we compared with various cost allocation methods. As the result, we conclude that reversible work of various kinds of worth basis evaluates the worth of heat and electricity most reasonably.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1020-1028
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• 2012

This work compares various models for geminate reversible diffusion influenced reactions. The commonly utilized contact reactivity model (an extension of the Collins-Kimball radiation boundary condition) is augmented here by a volume reactivity model, which extends the celebrated Feynman-Kac equation for irreversible depletion within a reaction sphere. We obtain the exact analytic solution in Laplace space for an initially bound pair, which can dissociate, diffuse or undergo "sticky" recombination. We show that the same expression for the binding probability holds also for "mixed" reaction products. Two different derivations are pursued, yielding seemingly different expressions, which nevertheless coincide numerically. These binding probabilities and their Laplace transforms are compared graphically with those from the contact reactivity model and a previously suggested coarse grained approximation. Mathematically, all these Laplace transforms conform to a single generic equation, in which different reactionless Green's functions, g(s), are incorporated. In most of parameter space the sensitivity to g(s) is not large, so that the binding probabilities for the volume and contact reactivity models are rather similar.