• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.437-442
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• 2001

In an integrated steel mill, zinc (Zn) inputs from raw materials and steel scrap are enriched in the dusts and sludges collected from gas and water cleaning systems. The reuse of these dusts and sludges must be controlled within certain limit to avoid Zn accumulation and related operational problems in blast furnace. An integrated system has been established at China Steel Corporation (CSC) to enhance the internal reuse of Zn-containing dust/sludge while keeping Zn input within control lim it. However. the performance of this system has not been very satisfactory until one and half years ago when a rationalization process was initiated. The essence of this rationalization process, the recent improvements in Zn control and dust and sludge reuse are reported and discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.797-803
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• 2013

Recently, a number of countries are now considering the reuse of effluents from wastewater treatment for various water applications. To improve the reuse of wastewater effluent, the development of appropriate micro-pollutant removal technology is necessary. Although several researche have been studied for removing micro-pollutants in water, little study has been conducted for the removal of emerging contaminant such as antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) by disinfection processes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the capacity of disinfection technologies such as chlorination, ozone, and electron beam, for removing antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs. Based on this study, better ARG removal can be achieved by ozonation and electron beam. Relatively, high CT values of chlorination or ozonation are needed to remove ARB and ARG compared to conventional pathogens.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.629-641
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• 2007

Chinese government has implemented the West Development Strategy since 1999 to boost the region's growth and prevent the environmental degradation. Until now, the regional economy and living standard in Western China have been greatly improved, while it also indicated by the State Council that the ecological environment still deteriorated with part improvement, and pressure of water shortage increased. The paper focus on the relationship of GDP per capita and the volume of industrial waste water discharge of all the 12 provinces in Western China from 1989 to 2004, by the expanded EKC model in the cubic form. Results show that they mainly have down trend in the whole sample space but small up trend in the recent years. That means controlling of industrial wastewater discharge is still an important task to be insisted in the Western China.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.113-116
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• 2004

Water demand and wastewater production is steeply increasing and the gap between water supply and demand is getting wider. Wastewater is considered a major water resource in many countries. Therefore, wastewater reuse has been considered as a promising solution to the shortage of water resources (Madwar and Tarazi, 2002; Fane, 1996; Bodalo-Santoyo et al., 2003; Mohsen and Jaber, 2002; Nicolaisen, 2002; Lawrence2002).(omitted)

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.40-49
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• 1997

From water management point of view, the industrialization that we have achieved in the last decades brought out two major changes: water shortage and water quality deterioration. They are getting the big obstacles we must overcome to continuously pursue industrialization for further development in the next century. Many plans using dams and advanced treatment methods have been developed for control of quantity and quality, respectively. In this paper, an alternative is conceptually reviewed which is much different from the plans in regard that the alternative looks at system itself. It is based on an interceptor system coupling with a concept of zero-discharge. This system allows no discharge of wastewaters from point-sources to waterbodies which are very sensitive in terms of water quality. In addition reuse of treated effluents is emphasized to a maximum extent. The application of the system to the Nak-Dong river basin indicated that an interceptor system will need from the middle reaches of the basin where industrialization gets heavier. Since wastewaters are not directly discharged to the river, water quality of the down stream will improve. Treated effluents will be able to be reused at a number of industrial complex which currently get water from the Nak-Dong river. This reuse will help alleviate water shortage. The biggest problem anticipated is cost for building and operating such system. A cost-sharing plan among the beneficiaries is considered. Further research is suggested focusing on detailed engineering and technical matters for potential implementation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.35-36
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• 2002

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2011

The deficiency of clean water is a major global concern because all the living creatures rely on the drinkable water for survival. On top of this, abundant of clean water supply is also necessary for household, metropolitan inhabitants, industry, and agriculture. Among many purification processes, advances in low-energy membrane separation technology appear to be the most effective solution for water crisis because membranes have been widely recognized as one of the most direct and feasible approaches for clean water production. The aim of this article is to give an overview of (1) two new emerging membrane technologies for water reuse and desalination by forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD), and (2) the molecular engineering and development of highly permeable hollow fiber membranes, with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) as the main focuses for the aforementioned applications in National University of Singapore (NUS). This article presents the main results of membrane module design, separation performance, membrane characteristics, chemical modification and spinning conditions to produce novel hollow fiber membranes for FO and MD applications. As two potential solutions, MD and FO may be synergistically combined to form a hybrid system as a sustainable alternative technology for fresh water production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.678-683
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• 2012

One of alternatives to solve the global water shortages is the reuse of wastewater. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether it can be reused for industrial water from wastewater in "A" City with ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) process. The results obtained in this study were that the inorganics such as Na, Mg, Cl, Ca, Mn, $PO_4$, $SO_4$, etc. were removed with high treatment efficiency (more than 97%), respectively. However, the removal of $NH_4$-N, TN, $NO_3$-N, BOD was found to be 35.71%, 85.21%, 87.05% and 56%, respectively. The removal efficiency of nutrients was relatively low compared to other metal ions. Despite low nutrients removal, the treated wastewater is recommended to reuse, because the nutrient contents in influent from the secondary wastewater treatment plant were small amount. In addition, all other metrics in the wastewater were found to be lower amount than wastewater reuse criteria. Therefore, the wastewater treated by UF-RO could be sufficient to reuse for industrial waster.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.946-956
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• 2018

The gut microbiota of aquatic animals plays a crucial role in host health through nutrient acquisition and outcompetition of pathogens. In this study, on the basis of the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we examined the bacterial communities in the gut of freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) and in their living environments (sediment and pond water) and analyzed the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on the shrimp gut bacterial communities. High bacterial heterogeneity was observed in the freshwater shrimp gut samples, and the result indicated that both the surrounding bacterial community and water quality factors (particularly dissolved oxygen and temperature) could affect the shrimp gut bacterial community. Despite the observed heterogeneity, 57 genera, constituting 38-99% of the total genera in each of the 40 shrimp gut samples, were identified as the main bacterial population in the gut of M. nipponense. In addition, a high diversity and abundance of lactic acid bacteria (26 genera), which could play significant roles in the digestion process in shrimp, were observed in the shrimp gut samples. Overall, this study provides insights into the gut bacterial communities of freshwater shrimp and basic information for shrimp farming regarding the application of probiotics and disease prevention.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.2D
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• pp.255-266
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• 2011

In order to evaluate the environmental load occurring from the whole life cycle of a facility, LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) adopted by ISO is not only applied as an individual product but rather a complicated system involving buildings and/or infrastructure in a wide range of scope. The introducing of LCA to a wastewater reuse facility will assist to understand not only the treatment of water contaminants but also the overall system related to the interaction of involved, potential issues. This research implemented LCA for the establishment of the wastewater reuse facility. The results show that a fresh water aquatic Eco-toxicological Impact (88.3%) is the largest environment concern and the maintenance & operation phase has the most impact on the environment utilizing life cycle for the wastewater reuse facility. The civil works and chemical treatments in the maintenance & operation phase led to the biggest environmental impact. The results of this research can provide pertinent data of investigating opportunities for environmental improvement not limited to public officers regulating environmental policies, and could be used to make decisions for an environmentally sound and sustainable design in the initial phase of construction.