• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.25-36
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• 2017

Purpose - The purpose of the study was to investigate the financial difficulty of the elderly in each income group and to examine the factors having related influence. The study adopted models with Korean welfare panel material and examined factors that having influence upon low income elderly's selection on retail business. Research design, data, and methodology - The study investigated the effects having influence upon the financial difficulty of elderly household as well as common household. It also examined independence variables having influence upon household's financial stress and found out the direction of financial control in elderly household. The study investigated the effect of financial stress upon economy to support consumption of the elderly. Results - In cases of financial difficulties, independent variables of the debt increased the financial difficulties of elderly households relying upon traditional markets. The elderly households had financial difficulties because of independent variables of the debt except for loan from financial institution. Conclusions - In this study, the elderly's financial stress had influence upon the use of retail business and the characteristics of residing and family. Further study shall give support policies for the elderly to alleviate financial burden.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.91-104
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• 2003

Using the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances(SCF), this study examined the factors associated with the probability of saving by female-headed households in the U.S, and investigated how these factors differ by life cycle stages. Age of children, age of female householders and their retirement status were used to categorize three life cycle stages: first stage - have at least one child under age 18; second stage - under the age of 62 and have no children under age 18; third stage - over the age of 62 and retired. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that those with higher education and income and who were White were more likely to save. An interactive model showed that life cycle stages were significantly related to saving decisions. Female-headed households in the first stage or the third stage were less likely than those in the second stage (reference group) to save. For female-headed households in the first stage and the third stage, the amount of income had significantly positive effects on the decision to save. Also, in the group of households in the first stage, the receipt of welfare assistance increased the probability of saving.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.195-205
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• 2010

households using the 2007 Korean Retirement and Income Study. Elderly households were classified into three groups based on the comparisons among the costs of living and then the factors influencing the probability of belonging to each group were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. The major findings are as follows. Firstly, the subjective adequate cost of living was the highest and the subjective minimum cost of living was the lowest. The actual cost of living was in between. Secondly, 42.6% of elderly households belonged to Group1(whose actual cost of living was less than the subjective minimum cost of living), 30.0% was classified into Group2(whose actual cost of living was greater than the subjective minimum cost of living but less than the subjective adequate cost of living) and the actual cost of living of the remaining 27.4% was greater than the subjective adequate cost of living(Group3). Thirdly, income was the strongest factor influencing the probability of belonging to each group, but the influencing factors were different for the logistic models for Group1 and Group3 based on Group2.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find the differences of financial structures of real estate and the factors influencing on it between two groups of subjective financial adequacy and non-adequacy for later years among middle & old aged households. The data were drawn from KREIS(Korean Retirement and Income Study) surveyed by National Pension Research Institute in 2007, and 3,889 couple households with householder's age over 50 were selected. Major findings were as following. First, only 19.3% of households answered that they had enough money for later years. And they had lower real estate-to-total assets ratio (.84) and lower residential house value-to-total assets ratio (.52) than the counter part. Second, for the group who answered that they had enough money for later years, the factors influencing on total real estate were found to be income, debt, and liquid assets.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1119-1134
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is firstly to understand socio-demographic and health characteristics and economic characteristics of elderly single households aged over 60 and secondly to examine the relations between these factors and level of life satisfaction, especially differentiated relations by income level. We used the data drawn from third KREIS (Korean Retirement and Income Study) surveyed by National Pension Research Institute. The statistical methods used for the analyses were t-test, X², multiple regression analysis. For the whole sample, the results showed that the life satisfaction is positively related to higher income, better physical and emotional health status and having a religion. When we conducted the regression on two groups, the religion and income level were no longer significant factors. On the other hand, being a woman and enjoying good health contributed to life satisfaction for lower-income group while having a job and enjoying good health played a positive role in life satisfaction for higher-income group.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.6 s.78
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• pp.145-153
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impacts of consumers' demographic characteristics on their involvement in retired communities, under the assumption that consumers' involvement in retired communities would be a preceding factor of the consumers' preferences for retired communities. One of the major findings of this study was that there were statistically significant differences in the involvement in retired communities by several demographic variables such as age, gender, level of education, income, total family asset, consumer values, and pursuit of happiness. Second, such involvement was strongly correlated with consumer preferences. Third, the community management styles, such as sales and rental conditions, significantly influenced consumers' level of preference. The results from this study could provide useful information not only for understanding the residents of retired communities, buffer enhancing the welfare of residents of retired communities.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.163-180
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• 1997

The purpose of this study were to identify the differences between the demand for education program and the demand for counseling program of family welfare and to analyze the relation between demographic characteristics and the demand for family welfare service program For these purposes, total sample of 909 women those residing in Seoul, Inchon, Taejun, Taegu, Pusan, Kwangju, Chungju, Junju and Choonchun, were selected. Statistics were frequencies, means, percentile, cross-tabulation, t-test and Anova. The results were as follows. First, in family welfare service program on children and adolescents, the improvement in family living, consumption, retirement planning, health management, protection of environment and resource, volunteering and the advance of living culture, the demand for education program were higher than the demand for cunseling program. In particular, demands for both education program and counseling program on children and adolescents were the highest. Second, age, residence and income had very significant effects on the demands for both education program and counseling program. By understanding these differences in the demand for education program and counseling program of family welfare, practitioners and educators may be able to develop family welfare service program to solve family problems.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2000

Using the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study investigates how family life-cycle stages and financial management practices affect household saving. First findings are that household income and householders education, race and ethnicity have significant effects on saving. Second, regarding the effect of the family life-cycle stages, younger married couples without children, middle pre-retired households without dependent children, and older households without dependent children are more likely to save than other similar households in the life-cycle stage of younger single households. Third, households with longer financial planning horizons, saving goals for retirement, purchase of durable goods and emergency goods, and low credit card debt are more likely to save. Based on the results, implications for financial management education and public policy are suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.12 s.202
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• pp.15-29
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• 2004

Since the 1990s there have been increasing concerns about coresident grandparents and their children in the U.S. This study focused on the coresident grandparents and grandchildren, categorized into 6 household structures, and examined whether household structure with sociodemographic variables affected economic well-being. The data from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used, and frequencies, $x^2$ tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression analysis were conducted by SPSS Windows. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the yearly household income among the 6 household structures. In addition, household structure affected the economic well-being. Especially, grandchildren in grandmother only, some parents present families, and in grandmother only, no parent families were more likely to be poor than those in both grandparents.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.397-412
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• 2014

This study estimated reasonable rental for Kleingarten (weekend farm) in Kyungpook province. To estimate Willingness To Pay (WTP) for Kleingarten rental, a survey was committed for the aged 20 and above who live in Daegu area. Through the Single Bounded Dichotomous Choice (SBDC) method, WTPs were estimated from 338,361 won to 357,646 won. Explanatory variables are leisure frequency, state of retirement, intention to get Kleingarten, sex and income levels and so on. As we expected, all explanatory variables are positively related with WTP.