• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.5-16
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• 2019

With the recent concentration of urban populations, the constructions of large structures are increasing, along with the development of foundations for large structures. PHC Piles have been used in many structures ever since Japanese introduced the technology at the end of the 20th century. Recently, many studies on the use of the PHC Pile have been carried out as earth retaining using the merits of PHC piles. In this study, static axial compression tests were conducted on the PHC-W piles constructed as column-type in building underground additional wall using the PHC-W earth retaining wall. The end bearing capacity of pile was calculated using the axial load transfer measurement that was obtained from the static axial compression test result. Since end bearing capacity of the PHC-W pile embedded in weathered rock showed a different behaviour from the conventional PHC pile, the calculation method of end bearing capacity for column-type PHC-W piles would be proposed. The unit ultimate end bearing equation proposed for single and group PHC-W pile embedded in weathered rock is $q_b=13.3N_b$ and $q_b=6.8N_b$.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.6C
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• pp.249-257
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• 2012

The reinforced earth method is financially viable. Furthermore, it overcomes environmental limitations and is therefore employed in retaining walls, slopes, foundations, roads, embankments, and other structures. However, in some cases, reinforced retaining walls are not strong enough in the curved sections and can collapse. Such mishaps are believed to occur because of an unsatisfactory analysis of the curved sections of a reinforced retaining wall. Accordingly, with the aim of investigating the workability and structural safety of curved sections of various types, this study investigates the differences in the estimated horizontal displacements of curved sections of various types and subsequently uses this information to study and analyze preliminary data so that appropriate measures can be taken to resolve alignment issues. The results of an experiment reveal that when a load is applied to curved sections of both concave and convex types, the largest horizontal displacement occurs at the center of the section. In the concave form, the earth pressure force is directed inward, whereas in the convex form, this force is directed outward. As a result, the horizontal displacement in convex forms is larger than that in concave forms. Convex reinforced earth structures are subjected to earth pressures as well as lateral earth pressure, therefore horizontal displacements in convex curved sections is larger than that of concave curved sections.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.35-50
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• 2023

A preliminary study is conducted to develop seismic design guidelines for temporary retaining structures in a deep excavation. The study involved a comprehensive literature review of the seismic design standards applied domestically and internationally, as well as various methods to calculate seismic earth pressure for pseudostatic analysis. The FLAC 2D, a two-dimensional finite difference analysis program, was utilized to perform pseudostatic analysis using the Semirigid pressure method, Wood method, and Mononobe-Okabe method. The resulting analysis data for the wall moment and axial force of the strut were compared with the dynamic analysis outcomes to evaluate the applicability of pseudostatic analysis. The Semirigid pressure method predicted the most reasonable moment for Stiff walls experiencing horizontal displacements up to 0.4%H. Predicting the axial force of the strut exactly was challenging because the pseudostatic analysis cannot consider dynamic soil-structure interaction; however, it is deemed available for conservative preliminary review to ensure safety.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

This paper reviews the current seismic design code and research for dynamic earth pressure on retaining structures. Domestic design codes do not clearly define the estimation of dynamic earth pressure and give different comments for seismic coefficient, wall inertia and distribution of dynamic earth pressure using Mononobe-Okabe method. AASHTO has been revised reflecting current research and aims for effective seismic design. Various design codes are analyzed to compare their performance and economic efficiency. The results are used to make improvement of current domestic seismic design code. Further, it is concluded that the experimental investigation is also needed to verify and improve domestic seismic code for dynamic earth pressure.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1147-1170
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• 2015

In this paper, the behavior of underground strutted retaining structure under seismic condition in non-liquefiable dry cohesionless soil is analyzed numerically. The numerical model is validated against the published results obtained from a study on embedded cantilever retaining wall under seismic condition. The validated model is used to investigate the difference between the static and seismic response of the structure in terms of four design parameters, e.g., support member or strut force, wall moment, lateral wall deflection and ground surface displacement. It is found that among the different design parameters, the one which is mostly affected by the earthquake force is wall deflection and the least affected is the strut force. To get the best possible results under seismic condition, the embedment depth of the wall and thickness of the wall can be chosen as around 100% and 6% of the depth of final excavation level, respectively. The stiffness of the strut may also be chosen as $5{\times}105kN/m/m$ to achieve best possible performance under seismic condition.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

Nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed to calculate the response of U-shaped cantilever retaining structure under seismic loading using the finite element (FE) analysis program OpenSees. A particular interest of the study is to evaluate whether the moment demand in the cantilever can be accurately predicted, because it is an important component in the seismic design. The numerical model is validated against a centrifuge test that was performed on cantilever walls with dry medium dense sand in backfill. Seismic analysis is performed using the pressure-dependent, multi-yield-surface, plasticity based soil constitutive model implemented in OpenSees. Normal springs are used to simulate the soil-structure interface. Comparison with centrifuge show that FE analysis provides good estimates of both the acceleration response and bending moment. The lateral earth pressure near the bottom of the wall is overestimated in the numerical model, but this does not contribute to a higher prediction of the moment.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.167-173
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• 1999

In this paper the failure behavior of the reinforced earth retaining wall structures according to the deformed types of the face was studied by model test using carbon rods. In model test the behavior of the face for the model of the reinforced earth wall was divided into three cases : the displacement of the top part(case 1), the lateral displacement(case 2) and the displacement of the lower part (case 3). The photographic method was applied to examine the failure line of the deformed wall with the naked eye. The failure line shows a parabolic shape for case 1, a large circular arc for case 2 and a logarithmic spiral for case 3 in the experimental results. The design failure line for the coherent gravity structure hypothesis was most similar to the failure line for the case of the lower part displacement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2001.10c
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• pp.103-122
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• 2001

For prediction of ground movement per the excavation step, observational results of ground movement during the construction was very different with prediction during the analysis of design. step because of the uncertainty of the numerical analysis modelling, the soil parameter, and the condition of a construction field, etc. however accuratly numerical analysis method was applied. Therefore, the management system through the construction field measurement should be achieved for grasping the situation during the excavation. Until present, the measurement system restricted by ‘Absolute Value Management system’only analyzing the stability of present step was executed. So, it was difficult situation to expect the prediction of ground movement for the next excavation step. In this situation, it was developed that ‘The Management system TOMAS-EXCAV’ consisted of ‘Absolute value management system’ analyzing the stability of present step and ‘Prediction management system’ expecting the ground movement of next excavation step and analyzing the stability of next excavation step by‘Back Analysis’. TOMAS-EXCAV could be applied to all uncertainty of earth retaining structures analysis by connecting ‘Forward analysis program’ and ‘Back analysis program’ and optimizing the main design variables using SQP-MMFD optimization method through measurement results. The application of TOMAS-EXCAV was confirmed that verifed the three earth retaing construction field by back analysis.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.187-207
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• 2005

In the Internet-based B2C e-commerce, trust has been recognized as a critical factor to reduce uncertainties, through interacting with a well-known specific shopping mall. In this study, we view customer trust as not a unitary concept but multidimensional one consisted of the trustworthiness of trustee, familiarity with the specific shopping-mall, disposition to trust, and institution-based trust. In this study, first, we considered the trustworthiness of trustee consisted of capability, benevolence, and integrity as one of the major factors to build customer trust on the specific Internet shopping-mall. In the context of the Internet e-commerce, the role of institutional structures is very important to assure the customer trust from the various opportunistic behaviors because of the characteristics of internet-based commerce such as impersonality, the lack of information on the other party, and the transactions with a number of anonymous people. Second, we examined the effect of the institution-based trust built by institutional structures on customer trust. Third, we examined the effect of customer trust and familiarity on retaining customer loyalty. Our findings showed that customer trust and familiarity played a major role in retaining customer loyalty with the specific shopping-mall. In conclusions, we discussed the strategies to build the customer loyalty for maintaining the customer. We suggest customer trust and familiarity for the factors to bind the customer with the specific shopping-mall based on these results.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.43-51
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• 2007

Frost action may cause extensive damage to building, structures, roads, railways and utility lines in seasonal frost. The research about frost heave of natural ground has been considerably performed. In late years various structures have become complicated with the development of social infrastructure maintenance. Therefore countermeasure to frost heave becomes a matter of great importance from a new viewpoint. This study was aimed at catching natural ground frost heaving force quantitatively. Frost heaving forces on circular steel plates which were set on ground surface were measured in field test. The frost heaving forces arise at freezing front propagates to the structures through frozen soil layer. Besides, a full scale model of multi-anchored retaining wall was installed in field, and the freezing lines, frost heave pressure to act on a wall block, and so on were measured. Finally, the position and shape of frost line were estimated by using numerical simulation and a method to determine replacement range was suggested with soil properties and weather data.