• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2022

Purpose: This study seeks to address the omission through examining the manner in which demographic similarity affects the responses of employees in the retail sector towards horizontal pay dispersion. Through doing so the study will be effective in bolstering the recent efforts of more careful exploration of conditions. Research design, data, and methodology: Scant past studies are available to guide for practitioners in retail sector which compensation strategy might lead adequate job performance for retail sales workers. To suggest possible solution, the present authors used variables of pay dispersion and obtained 317 US retail sale workers in distribution channels to measure the association between pay dispersion and employee job performance. Results: The statistical findings indicated both first and second hypothesis could be acceptable with favorable Beta and T values, resulting high degree of pay dispersion leads a low level of job performance, while a low degree of pay dispersion can motivate retail sales workers to improve their performance. Conclusions: The findings of this study raises an argument that processes of social comparison work in a more vigorous manner. This is thus a representation of the propensity of a retail sales worker to voluntarily resign from an organization when dispersion rates are higher.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to measure job stress and to explore risk factors of female workers in the retail and sales industries in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon. Methods: A total of 321 participants responded to a self-administered questionnaire that included 24 items of the KOSS(Korean Occupational Stress Scale) and sociodemographic characteristics. The 240 questionnaires were collected from January to March 2007 and analyzed. Results: The mean scores of female workers' job stress in the retail and sales industries ranged in Q50~74 compared with the average scores of female Koreans. The level of job insecurity was significantly high, and ranged in Q75~. However, the level of insufficient job control ranged in Q~24. Multiple regression analysis was used to explain the risk factors of female workers: monthly salary and insufficient sleep were of statistical significance. Conclusion: High level of job stress suggested that appropriate stress management programs be implemented for female workers in the retail and sales industries.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2021

Purpose: Retail workers have a role in attending to customers better, not only making sales to them. In this regard, this research focuses on having a clear understanding of the effects of emotional factors and job stress on mental health for retail sales workers. Research design, data and methodology: The present research conducted both a qualitative textual analysis and interview. This research method is quite useful because it relates the information collected with the research gap. Qualitative data is time-consuming type of data to analyze since it involves interpreting words rather than numbers. Results: The findings showed that emotional labor and stress may not only cause mental harm to the employees but can result in adverse reaction to the customers. Retail employees need to express their true emotions and avoid pretending to be helped with a clear understanding of their needs. Conclusion: This study conclude that motional labor and stress to the retail workers is a real issue that has affected many people around the globe and there is a need to conduct more research on the issue to help employees serve customers much better. Stress among sales workers results to poor working morale and thus affects the entire organization at large.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to establish the effects of psychological empowerment on retail sales employees. It further investigates how psychological empowerment can be used to mitigate the factors that affect sales workers in addition to meeting the feelings and emotional wellbeing of sales workers to improve their productivity and the success of their organizations. Research design, data, and methodology: The current author conducted SPSS statistical analysis program to gauge the statistical association between two main constructs (Psychological Empowerment and Job performance) using 217 respondents. The main statistical tool was selected by a multiple regression methodology. Results: The statistical test from the analysis is presented in the finding section and shows that β values and P-values are greater than 0 and less than 0.05 respectively and thus, this research could reject null hypotheses which mention that psychological empowerment cannot be associated with job performance. Conclusions: All in all, this research could conclude that it will improve the attitudes of retail sales workers towards their job, making them self-committed to the tasks assigned through significant psychological empowerment factors. The retention of these workers would be enhanced because they would attain job satisfaction through a positive perception of the tasks assigned to them.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.127-145
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• 2000

The objectives of this study are to identify health behaviors and health problems. and the relations between health behaviors and health problems of female workers in the retail business. The number of subjects were 200 female workers of 6 department stores in Seoul and Kyonggi area, whose jobs last more than 6 months as retail employees. The data was collected during 2 months from July 1 to August 30, 1998. The Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire(CMI) was used to measure their health problems, while health behaViorn were investigated in terms of 'smoking', 'alcohol', exercise', 'diet', and 'sleeping'. The data were analyzed with frequency. percentage, t-test, ANOVA test, and $X^2-test$ by SPSS PC+ program. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Out of health problems. Digestive symptoms occupied the highest percent number. nervous ones the second and cardiovascular ones the third among physical health problems of retail female workers. The most frequent mental health problem was 'adequacy' and the next, 'tension' and 'anger', 2, Health problems according to general characteristics of subjects were shown that the younger or the unmarried complained more than the older or the married, especially in the items of 'eye and ear', 'respiratory system', 'cardiovascular system', 'digestive tract', 'nervous system', 'adequacy', and 'depression'. The longer working duration they have had, the more they complained of 'respiratory system' and 'adequacy'. The lower academic careers complained of 'nervous' than the higher ones with statistical significance. 3. The analysis of daily health clinic notes showed that respiratory complaints were the highest percent, successively followed by digestive tract, nervous one, external injury, musculoskeletal system, urinary-reproductive system and others. 4. The level of their health practice was generally low in smoking, diet habit and alcohol intake, exercise, sleeping, very low especially in smoking, diet, alcohol intake, and exercise among them all. 5. Present smokers and ones with past experience complained of physical and mental health problems of 'respiratory system', 'digestive tract', 'skin', 'nervous', 'urinary-reproductive system', 'fatigability', adequacy', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'anger' and 'tension', than non smokers, with statistical difference. Workers without having breakfast and with irregular diet had more complaints on 'digestive tract', 'adequacy' and 'tension', than those who had regular dietary habit. The less the subjects slept, the more they complained of eye and ear, cardiovascular system. The subjects who drank alcohol complained more digestive problem. However, whether they exercise or not did not affect physical and mental health problems in a significant manner. 6. The subjects' age and marital status were statistically significant relating to health behaviors, as the younger or unmarried recorded a low level of health practice in smoking, drinking, dietary habit. Based on the results, the suggestions are made as follows: 1. Health education program on smoking, alcohol intake, diet habit is needed to improve health problems and health behavior of female retail workers. 2. The unmarried workers of late teen and twenties, who are transitional period from teenagers to adulthood are important targets for health promotion program especially for maternal health. 3. Better working environment with sufficient time and facilities for workers to relax is required to promote female sales workers' health. 4. Further research is required to identify the relation between workers' visual fatigue and intense lights for the display of goods.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

Purpose: At a time when the distribution industry is dominated by capital and technology, win-win growth among businesses groups (BGs) in wholesale market is becoming a social issue. Therefore, through analysis of market growth, market concentration (MC) and market power (MP), we want to identify the structure of the wholesale market and the competitiveness of the BGs in terms of market share (MS), sales-profit ratio (SPR), and labor productivity (LP) to explore the possibility of win-win growth. Market situation: Wholesale and Retail sales ratio (W/S) continues to increase, which also means inefficiency in distribution channels or opportunities in wholesale markets. Wholesale sales have grown 8.3 percent annually over the past 15 years, while the number of companies and workers has declined since 2017, which is why some restructuring is believed to begin in the wholesale industry. In terms of MC and MP, the growth potential of SBG can be found in FCB, ARM, FBT and CME BTs. Methodology and data: Through ANOVA and Regression Analysis, the 2015 Economic Census Data of KOSTAT was analyzed. Results: The results of ANOVA show that statistically significant SBG has a larger MS than LBG. The SPR was not different among BGs. LP is higher for LBG than for other BGs. Regression results show that the employment weight (EW) and the company size (SC) have positive effects on the MS, but the company weight (CW) and employment size (SE) have negative effects. In the case of SPR, the CW is positive and the EW is negative. In addition, LP appears to be more positive as SC in the BGs is larger. Conclusions: Although there is sufficient potential for SBG in the wholesale market, there is a problem that needs to increase LP. Therefore, the SBG needs to restructure in terms of number of companies and SC to improve the efficiency of employment. In terms of MC and MP, the SBG looks for possibilities in FCB, ARM, FBT and CME BTs. In addition, SBG that seeks higher returns with human services rather than simple sales is found to be competitive in the HHG, MES and CME BTs.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.471-484
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was 1) to find out Market segmentation possibilities according to consumer's store selection factors by analysis of Consumer's attitude and oriteria of apparel store selection, 2) to provide marketing strategies of segment marker for apparel stores Research problems were as follows. 1) To find out the important factors of consumer's store selection and to segment markets according to their factors. 2) To find out consumer characteristics (demographic variables, clothing life factors, cloth-ing purchase behaviors) according to segment markets. 3) To find out preference store types and preference factors according to segment markets. 4) To provide marketing mix strategy for retail apparel store sales. The subjects selected for the final analysis were 586 female college students, housewives, and workers living in Seoul. A questionnaire was developed in order to measure consumer's selection criteria of apparel store, consumer characteristics and preferred store types and preferential factors. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There were 8 factors of consumer's store selection such that: the high quality, convenience, store atmosphere, economy, dependency commercials, store patronage, the conformity, product assortment. the result of cluster analysis based on these 8 factors of store selection verified that market was able to be segmented as four different market, which were the store loyalty group, the aligned economical group, the assortment pursuing group, the store fame dependent group. 2. There were significant differences among four groups, for 4 variables related to consumer's characteristics such as demographic characteristics (sex, age, job, level of education, the living quarters, marrige or unmarrige), clothing life factors, clothing evaluating criteria, and favorite fashion information sources. 3. There were significant differences among four groups for 2 variable related to store preference such as preference types of store and preference factors of store.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.95-127
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• 2011

본 연구는 미국의 유통 관리자들을 대상으로 그들의 개인적인 특성 요인과 감정 관련 변수들이 일곱 가지 영역으로 분류된 직업 만족도 (관리, 직무, 회사 정책, 승진, 급여, 동료, 고객)에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 고객과의 직접 대면이 많은 업무의 특성을 지닌 유통산업에서는 고객 접점에 있는 직원 뿐 아니라 관리자들에게도 감정 소진이 개인적 특성에 따라 차이가 없이 공통적으로 나타났으며 이러한 감정의 소진은 직업 만족도의 7 가지 영역에 모두 부정적인 영향을 끼치고 있음을 확인하였다, 또한 개인적 특성이 감정 필요에, 감정 소진이나 감정 필요가 직업 만족에 미치는 영향은 각기 다르게 나타났다. 본 연구는 서비스 접점 위치에 있는 직원들을 대상으로 연구한 기존의 연구들과는 달리 유통 서비스 산업의 관리자들을 대상으로 실증 분석을 수행하였고 개인적인 특성을 세 종류로 분류하여 분석하였을 뿐 아니라, 직업 만족도 역시 7 가지 구성 요소로 분류하여 분석하였다는 점에서 선행 연구들과 차별화 된다. 본 연구의 결과는 날로 서비스 경쟁이 치열해져 가고 있는 유통 기업들이 서비스 경영의 핵심 요소인 내부 고객을 만족시킬 수 있는 효과적인 내부 마케팅 방안을 마련하는데 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 유통 업체들은 본 연구를 바탕으로 개인의 특성에 따른 맞춤형 관리를 통하여 관리자들의 감정 필요나 소진을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있을 것이다. 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구 방향도 논의되었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2022

The purpose of the study is to look into the likelihood of private sector enterprises going bankrupt due to COVID-19 pandemic-related issues. The data for this study was taken from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey, which was intended to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the business sector. This study uses the Ordinal Logit Method to analyze the model with dependent variables having ordinal values. The determinants reflect business performance, innovation, business relationships, and government support. According to the estimation results, a lower probability of business closures, illiquidity, and payment delays are found in businesses that maintain sales growth, operating hours, temporary workers, product portfolio, consumer demand, and input supply. Meanwhile, the increase in online business activities and receiving support from financial institutions and the government do not help businesses reduce the risk. Moreover, higher survival is found in manufacturing and developing countries. This implies the fragility of businesses in the retail and service sectors, especially for mega-enterprises in developed countries. In addition, the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses in Europe and West Asia is less severe than in other regions. The results imply policies to support the private sector during the pandemic, such as increasing labor market flexibility or rapidly implementing supportive policies.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2010

최근 대형마트를 중심으로 유통업자브랜드(PB) 상품의 확대가 이루어지고 있다. 대형마트는 소비자가 상품을 구입할 때 PB를 또 하나의 고려 상표군으로 인식하길 바라고 있지만, 소비자들의 반응은 여전히 PB상품에 대해 중립적인 입장이다. 즉 소비자마다 각기 다른 평가를 내리고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 PB상품을 구매한 소비자들의 특성을 분석하여 PB상품 개발과 판매에 있어 마케팅적 시사점을 주고자 한다. 본 연구는 서울과 경기 지역에 있는 소비자 설문조사 자료를 이용하였으며 프로빗 모형을 이용하여 PB상품을 구매하는 소비자들의 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 인구통계학적 특성으로는 결혼여부, 소득수준, 거주지역이 PB상품 구매에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났으며, 구매특성으로는 대형마트 방문 빈도가 유의한 요인으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 미혼자보다 기혼자가 PB상품을 구입할 확률이 더 높게 나타나, DM(Direct Mail)발송이나 핸드폰 SMS(Short Message Service) 발송 등 PB상품 판촉활동의 타겟팅에 있어 기혼자에 대한 비중을 높일 필요가 있을 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 소득수준과 관련해서는 고소득계층보다 중산층(월소득 301~600만원) 소비자들이, 서울지역보다는 지방 거주 소비자들이 PB상품 구매 확률이 높았다. 이러한 소비자들의 특성은 가격에 민감하기 때문에 소비자를 위한 추가 증정, 사은품 지급, 1+1행사 등을 강화할 필요가 있을 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 대형마트 방문 빈도가 월 2회 증가할 경우, PB상품을 구매할 확률이 5.3%이상 증가하는 것으로 나타나 소비자들의 내점빈도를 높일 수 있는 재미있는 매장 만들기, 찾아오는 서비스 등 다양한 집객 전략이 필요해 보인다. 결론적으로 PB상품이 단지 가격이 저렴한 일회성 구매 상품이라는 한계를 넘어 NB상품처럼 상품에 대한 로열티를 높이고 지속적 구매가 일어나도록 하기 위해서는 PB상품을 다른 제조업체 브랜드처럼 카테고리 내에서 하나의 고려 상품군(consideration commodity set)이 될 수 있도록 하는 노력이 필요하다.