• Title/Summary/Keyword: Restraint Stress

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Effects of Inhaling Essential Oils from Lavender, Silver Fir, Grapefruit on the Restraint Stress in Mice (라벤더, 실버퍼, 그레이프후룻 정유 흡입이 마우스의 구속 스트레스에 미치는 효과)

  • Yang, Seun-Ah;Jeon, Sang-Kyung;Lee, Eun-Jung;Im, Nam-Kyung;Shim, Chang-Hyun;Lee, In-Seon
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.8
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    • pp.1230-1234
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    • 2010
  • The effects of inhaling three essential oils (lavender [Lavendular angustifolia], silver fir [Abies alba], and grapefruit [Citrus paradise]) against restraint stress were investigated in mice. Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased in the 1h-restraint group. Also, silver fir and grapefruit oils prevented the elevation of cortisol levels under experimental conditions. Inhalation of 10% lavender oil for 30 min before inducing stress significantly inhibited restraint-induced hypothermia. We also investigated the effects of restraint stress on triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It was found that the concentration of triglycerides in the serum samples increased after restraint stress. Silver fir essential oil inhibited elevation of triglyceride levels. Taken all together, the correlation of herb essential oil inhalation against restraint stress in animals can partly be explained.

The Effect of Repeated Restraint Stress on Clusterin Change of the Rat Salivary Glands (구속 스트레스가 백서 타액선 조직 내의 clusterin 변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Ko-Woon;Kang, Soo-Kyung;Chun, Yang-Hyun;Hong, Jung-Pyo
    • Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.81-91
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    • 2012
  • It has been known that saliva may affect the most of oral diseases. On the contrary, several systemic conditions may affect salivary flow and cause oral dryness and psychosocial stress especially may a crucial role in the etiology of hyposalivation and oral dryness. Many studies have focused on macroscopic effects of the stress on the salivary glands by autonomic respose, but on the other hand it has hardly been reported on cellular microscopic effects of the stress on the salivary glands. Therefore, this study was performed to examine clusterin, a antiapoptotic and cytoprotective protein, in the parotid glands under restraint stress condition. For this study, 10 rats were divided into 3 groups; 1) 2 rats of group I were selected as a normal control. 2) 2 rats of group II, as a experimental control were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours 3) 6 rats of group III were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours once a day. The rats were sacrificed immediately(group II, as a experimental control), 24, 48, and 72 hours after application of the stress and the parotid glands were excised. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. The finding were as follows: 1. In parotid glands, clusterin was mildly increased and clearly expressed in the ductal cell under restraint stress immediately after application of the stress. 2. In parotid glands, clusterin was significantly decreased and slightly stained in the ductal cell under restraint stress 24 and 48 hours after experiment. 3. In parotid glands, clusterin was prominently increased again and densely stained in the ductal cell under restraint stress 72 hours after experiment.

Electroacupuncture to Shenmen Ameliorates Behavioral and Biochemical Responses to Restraint Stress in Rats

  • Shim, Hyun-Soo;Park, Hyun-Jung;Kim, Kyung-Soo;Hahm, Dae-Hyun;Lee, Hye-Jung;Shim, In-Sop
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.328-332
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    • 2010
  • Acupuncture has been used for the treatment and prevention of stress-related disorders. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture on the behavioral and biochemical responses to restraint stress was evaluated in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent to immobilization stress for 21 days (6 hours/day). Electroacupuncture (2 Hz, 2 mA, and 10 minutes) was applied either to the acupuncture point HT7 (Shenmen) or the nonacupuncture point in the tail for the last 7 days. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: the normal group (n=10, without the restraint stress), the stress group (n=10, with restraint stress), the HT7 group (n=10, with restraint stress and electroacupuncture to HT7), and the NA group (n=10, with restraint stress and electroacupuncture to the nonacupuncture point). The anxiety-related behavior was tested using the elevated plus maze and the Vogel test on day 22. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus was measured by immunohistochemistry. R maze and the Vogecreased the response of the anxiety-related behavior. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells were also increased. The HT7 group showed a significant decrease of anxiety-related behavioral response, compared to the stress group. The tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive expression was also decreased in the HT7 group. These findings suggestthat electroacupuncture to HT7 might play a role in reducing the stress-related responses, which may be helpful for the treatment of stress-related disorders.

The Effects of 120Hz High Frequency Electroacupuncture on the Cold-Restraint-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damages (Cold-Restraint 스트레스 유발 위점막손상에 미치는 고빈도 120Hz 전침의 효과)

  • Jo, Mee-hyeong;Choi, Byung-tae;Jang, Kyung-jeon
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.177-193
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    • 2003
  • Objective : The present studies investigated the effects of 120Hz high frequency electroacupunctue(EA) on the stress-induced stomach dysfunction in relation to its effect on the level of stress hormone and gastric mucosal damages. The gastric mucosal injury was induced by cold-restraint stress and two acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man were used. Methods: Cold-restraint stress produced typical gastric lesions in all rats of the stressed groups, but he number of ulcers as well as the mean ulcer diameter were reduced by 120 Hz EA pre-treatment. The cold-restraint stress also induced an increase in catecholamine response involving epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, but an slight decline were observed in EA pre-treated rats compared with cold-restrained rats. Results: The degranulation value of gastric mast cell was significantly higher in cold-restrained rats than in control ones. However, with the significant reduction of degranulation values of gastric mast cells in EA pre-treated rats compared with cold-restrained ones, $PGE_2$ content in the gastric mucosa of EA pre-treated rats was also different from that observed in cold-restrained rats. Cold-restraint stress induced an elevated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory gene such as cyclooxygenases-2 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$, but these expression were down-regulated in EA pre-treated rats. Immunohistochemecal analysis showed that while the inhibitory-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ an TNF-${\alpha}$ immunoreaction in the surface epithelium of the stomach tended to increase, both reactions in the EA pre-treated rats showed similar pattern as observed in controls. Conclusions : These results suggest that 120 Hz EA may act as a therapeutical means for gastric mucosal damages through a activation of pituitary adrenal system. it could be concluded that 120 hz high frequency electroacupuncture affords a good protective potential against stress-induce gastrointestinal dysfunction.

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Bupleurum falcatum Prevents Depression and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rats Exposed to Repeated Restraint Stress

  • Lee, Bom-Bi;Yun, Hye-Yeon;Shim, In-Sop;Lee, Hye-Jung;Hahm, Dae-Hyun
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.422-430
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    • 2012
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated restraint stress in rodents produces increases in depression and anxiety-like behaviors and alters the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. The current study focused on the impact of Bupleurum falcatum (BF) extract administration on repeated restraint stress-induced behavioral responses using the forced swimming test (FST) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Immunohistochemical examinations of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in rat brain were also conducted. Male rats received daily doses of 20, 50, or 100 mg/kg (i.p.) BF extract for 15 days, 30 min prior to restraint stress (4 h/day). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in response to repeated restraint stress was confirmed base on serum corticosterone levels and CRF expression in the hypothalamus. Animals that were pre-treated with BF extract displayed significantly reduced immobility in the FST and increased open-arm exploration in the EPM test in comparison with controls. BF also blocked the increase in TH expression in the locus coeruleus of treated rats that experienced restraint stress. Together, these results demonstrate that BF extract administration prior to restraint stress significantly reduces depression and anxiety-like behaviors, possibly through central adrenergic mechanisms, and they suggest a role for BF extract in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.

Anti-Stress Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3-Standardized Ginseng Extract in Restraint Stressed Animals

  • Kim, Chung-Soo;Jo, Young-Jun;Park, Se-Ho;Kim, Hae-Jung;Han, Jin-Yi;Hong, Jin-Tae;Cheong, Jae-Hoon;Oh, Ki-Wan
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.219-225
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    • 2010
  • We tested whether ginsenosides $Rg_3$-standardized ginseng extract (RGE) has anti-stress effects in restraint-stressed animals. RGE increased time spent in the open arms and open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test. In addition, RGE blocked the reduction of center zone distance and stereotypes behaviors in the open-field test. RGE also increased head dips in stressed mice, indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Stress decreased movement distance and duration, burrowing, and rearing frequency but increased face washing and grooming. RGE significantly reversed burrowing and rearing activity in stressed mice. In addition, we measured sleep architecture in restraint stressed rats using EEG recorder. Stress increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but total sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were not changed. RGE did not affect sleep architecture in stressed rats. These behavioral experiments suggest that RGE has anti-stress effects in restraint-stressed animal models.

Effect of Distance and Restraint Degree between Fillet and Butt Weldment on Residual Stress Redistribution at each Weldment (필릿과 맞대기 용접부 간의 간격 및 구속도에 따른 잔류응력 재분포 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Jin, Hyung-Kook;Lee, Dong-Ju;Shin, Sang-Beom
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.59-64
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study is to identify the principal factor controlling transverse residual stress at the weldment for joining unit hull blocks. In order to do it, the comprehensive FE analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of distance between fillet and butt weldments, stiffener span and in-plane restraint degree on the amount and distribution of transverse residual stress in way of the weldments between unit hull blocks. In accordance with FEA results, principal factor controlling the amount of transverse residual stress at the weldments was identified as in-plane restraint degree of butt weldment for unit blocks. The effect of other variables on the transverse residual stress was very small relatively.

Anti-stress Effect of Cholic acid Derivatives in Restraint Stress Induced Rats (구속스트레스를 가한 흰쥐에서 Cholate류의 항스트레스 작용에 관한 연구)

  • Park, In;Kim, Yang-Il;Lee, Sun-Mee;Cho, Tai-Soon
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.162-166
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    • 1996
  • This study was done to investigate whether cholic acid derivatives have anti-stress activity and what is a cause of this anti-stress effect. Seven cholic acid derivatives (cholic acid, taurocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxychoic acid, chenodeoxy cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid) were used, silymarin and valproic acid were used as positive controls. Stress was induced by restraint immobilization technique plus water immersion (24hrs) and adrenal weight, spleen weight, adrenal ascorbic acid, serum cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), adrenal cholesterol, glucose and corticosterone levels were measured as stress indicators. Most cholic acid derivatives markedly decreased the adrenal weight, and TUDCA and DHCA increased the spleen weight. The restraint stress induced increments in serum LDH, ALP and cholesterol were attenuated by most cholic acid derivatives. Cholic acid, taurocholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid only increased the content of adrenal ascorbate. While valproic acid showed an inhibitory effect against stress, silymarin did not. Our findings suggest that most cholic acid derivatives have anti-stress effect and that their anti-stress effect is, in part, related to choleretic activity.

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Evaluation on the Effect of the Size of Placing Block(L/H) and Elastic Modulus of Base Structure on the Thermal Stress in Mass Concrete (매스콘크리트에서 타설블럭의 크기(L/H)와 구속체의 탄성계수가 온도응력에 미치는 영향에 관한 검토)

  • 강석화;이용호;박칠림
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 1996.04a
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    • pp.275-279
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    • 1996
  • In this study, the effect of external restraint on the thermal stresses and thermal cracking mode in mass concrete are analysed using the two major factors affecting external restraint such as the ratio of width go height of the placed structure (L/H) and the elastic modulus of base structure (E). For this parametric study, many cases with different values of L/H and Er are analysed by the FEM program and the co-relationship of the those major factors is examined. To evaluate the effect of external restraint on the thermal behavior of placing structure, internal restraint stress caused by temperature difference is subtracted from total thermal stress. In the case of small value of L/H or Er, it shows as internally restricted mode indicating maximum tensile stress in surface at early age, and the external restraint makes the possibility of thermal cracking higher. However, in the case of the large values of L/H and Er, the crack index at center is smaller than at surface due to the effect of external restraint. Thus, the initial location of the thermal crack is shifted from the surface to the center and the resulting crack is formed at later age.

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Neuro-inflammation induced by restraint stress causes impairs neurobehavior in mice (스트레스 유발 마우스모델에서 뇌염증 및 신경행동 장애 변화)

  • Oh, Tae woo;Do, Hyun Ju;Kim, Kwang-Youn;Kim, Young Woo;Lee, Byung Wook;Ma, Jin Yeul;Park, Kwang Il
    • Herbal Formula Science
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.483-497
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    • 2017
  • Background : Behavioral stress has been suggested as one of the significant factors that is able to disrupt physiological systems and cause depression as well as changes in various body systems. The stressful events can alter cognition, learning, memory and emotional responses, resulting in mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Results : We used a restraint stress model to evaluate the alteration of behavior and stress-related blood parameter. The animals were randomly divided into two groups of five animals each group. Furthermore, we assessed the change of body weight to evaluate the locomotor activity as well as status of emotional and anxiety in mice. After 7 days of restraint stress, the body weight had significantly decreased in the restraint stress group compared with the control group. We also observed stress-associated behavioral alterations, as there was a significant decrease in open field and forced swim test, whereas the immobilization time was significantly increased in the stress group compared to the control group. We observed the morphological changes of neuronal death and microglia by immunohistochemistry and western blot. In our study restraint stress did not cause change in neuronal cell density in the frontal cortex and CA1 hippocampus region, but there was a trend for an increased COX-2 and iNOS protein expression and microglia (CD11b) in brain, which is restraint stress. Conclusion : Our study, there were significant alterations observed in the behavioral studies. We found that mice undergoing restraint stress changed behavior, confirming the increased expression of inflammatory factors in the brain.