• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.21-37
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• 2010

The abiotic factors and the vegetation naturalness of the 13 tributary wetlands around Namgang-River were assessed to investigate the present state and to present the conservation counter plan for the wetland ecosystem of the tributaries. Assessment indices for the abiotic factors were estimated based on the dominant land use types of the riparian zone, ecological function of the upper levee, levee slope structure, artificiality and utilization intensity of the waterfront, artificiality of the revetment structure, diversity of the substrate, and severance of the transverse. The assessment index of Omi-cheon is the highest among 13 tributaries. The second was Banseong-cheon and third was Hyangyang-cheon, followed by Nabul-cheon and Yeongcheon-gang and Sugok-cheon, Jungchon- cheon, and Daegok-cheon in their order and Munsan-cheon got the lowest assessment index. Assessment indices for the vegetation naturalness were estimated based on the vegetation diversity, exotic species dominance, annual herb dominance, naturalness and peculiarity of the vegetation, and species diversity. The assessment index of Omi-cheon is the highest among 13 tributaries. The second was Sugok-cheon and third was Banseong-cheon, followed by Yeongcheon-gang, Jungchon- cheon, Jinae-cheon, Nabul-cheon, and Jisu-cheon in their order, and Yonga-cheon got the lowest assessment index. The grades of the stream naturalness were estimated based on the the naturalness indices for the abiotic factors and the vegetation naturalness. The grades of Omi-cheon is the highest among 13 tributaries as the grade I. Those of Banseong-cheon, Sugok-cheon, Yeongcheon-gang, Nabul-cheon and Jungchon-cheon, Hyangyang-cheon, Jinae-cheon, Jisu-cheon, Daegok-cheone, and Munsan-cheon and Doksan-cheon were grade II in their order, and Yonga-cheon got the lowest as the grade III. It was suggested that restoration of the simple and flat substrate, create the natural vegetation on the levee slope constructed with concrete or stone wall, and rehabilitation of the eco-bridge were demanded to improve the grades of the stream naturalness through the restoration of the tributaries for the diverse aquatic wildlife, high vegetation diversity and species diversity with the vegetation consisted of perennial herbs and trees.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.245-265
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• 2019

Biotope, which represents the characteristic habitats of living organisms, need to be identified as essential for the efficient creation and sustainable management of urban ecosystems. This study was carried out to provide the basic information for ecological urban planning by analyzing types and attributes of the biotop established throughout the whole area of the Pohang city, a representative industrial city in Korea. The biotop established in Pohang city is composed of 12 types including forests (coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests), agricultural fields (rice paddy and upland field), green facilities, river, reservoir, bare ground, residential area, public facilities, commercial area, industrial area, roads, and schools. As a result of analyzing the properties according to biotop types, industrial, commercial and residential areas, which represent urban areas, was dominated by introduced vegetation. Moreover the introduced vegetation is usually composed of exotic plants or modified forms for landscape architecture and horticulture rather than native plants, which reflects ecological property of both region and site. As the distance from the urban center increases, the agricultural field showed a form of typical farmland, whereas the closer it is, the more form of greenhouse farming. Natural green spaces were divided into riparian vegetation established along the stream and forest vegetation. Forest vegetation is consisted of secondary forests (seven communities) and plantations (three communities). The urban landscape of Pohang city is dominated by the industrial area. Among them, the steel industry, which occurs large amounts of heat pollution and carbon dioxide, occupies a large proportion. On the other hand, green space is very insufficient in quantity and inferior in quality. This study proposed several restoration plans and further, a green network, which ties the existing green spaces and the green space to be restored as a strategy to improve the environmental quality in this area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.10-23
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• 2021

During the Japanese colonial period, the palaces of Joseon were damaged in many parts. Changgyeonggung Palace is the most demolished palace with the establishment of a zoo, botanical garden, and museum. During the Japanese colonial period, the palaces of Joseon were damaged in many parts. This study examined the construction process of Jangseogak(Yi Royal-Family Museum), located right next to the Jagyeongjeon site, which was considered the most important space in the Changgyeonggung residential area of royal family zone, through historical materials and field research. Built in 1911, Jangseogak is located at a location overlooking the entire Changgyeonggung Palace and overlooking the Gyeongseong Shrine of Namsan in the distance. Changes in the surrounding space during the construction of Jangseogak can be summarized as follows. First, in the early 1910s, the topography of the garden behind Jagyeongjeon and part of the Janggo were damaged to create the site of Jangseogak. The front yard was built in the front of Jangseogak, and a stone pillar was installed, and a staircase was installed to the south. In the process, the original stone system at the rear of Yanghwadang was destroyed, and it is presumed that Jeong Iljae and other buildings were demolished. Second, in the 1920s, many pavilions were demolished and the zoo and botanical gardens and museums were completed through leveling. After the Jangseogak was completed, the circulation of the Naejeon and surrounding areas was also changed. Cherry trees and peonies were planted in the flower garden around the front yard of Jangseogak and the stairs, and a Japanese-style garden was created between Yanghwadang and Jibbokheon. Third, in the 1930s, the circulation around Jangseogak was completed in its present form, and the museum, Jangseogak, Zoological and Botanical Gardens, and Changgyeonggung, which became a cherry tree garden, were transformed into a Japanese-style cultural park. After that, the surrounding space did not change much until it was demolished. The restoration of the present palace is a long-term, national project of the Cultural Heritage Administration. The results of this study will provide important data for the restoration plan of Changgyeonggung Palace in the future, and it is expected that it will provide additional information to related researchers in the future.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.929-941
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• 2012

In recent years, interest in river environment such as riparian landscape, water quality and ecological conservation has been growing with increasing recreation on agricultural river watershed. That caused the increase of necessity of water resources development, one of solutions for the diversification of agricultural water demand and shortages. In this respects, heightening irrigation dam, as a part of the 4-major river restoration project, is necessary to secure not only additional agricultural water but also instream flow for water quality improvement. However, operation plan of irrigation dam still not be clear. In this study, additional storage which secured through heightening irrigation dam was estimated using SWAT model. And instream flow effects on water quality of downstream were evaluated. The findings show that the additional water supply will contribute positively to water quantity and quality of downstream. The results show a 2~10% water quality improvement effect on nutrients, as well as an 1~8% water quantity increasing effect. In particular, additional storage can be effectively supplied from February to April by the reservoir operation. However, maintaining better water quality in irrigation reservoirs is important because the water quality of irrigation reservoirs can be negatively impacts the water quality in downstream of reservoirs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.144-158
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• 2014

This research presented a conceptual design of damage assessment inventory for efficient response to natural disaster damage of infrastructure close to the river. It consists of classification and categorization of facilities for accomplishing the conceptual design of inventory for damage of infrastructure close to the river. However, there are arising problems of efficient management on disaster, such as poor management of data facilities and constructions which is managed by the different types of government departments. Therefore, this research presented conceptual models of damage assessment inventory on risks of damage infrastructure close to the river using the United states' HAZUS-MH to analyze damage facilities, type of asset classification, classification of domestic facilities and guidelines for computing the value of assets. Conceptual models of inventory this research presented is to be used on the data for damage response on protected inland damage assessment and to increase efficiency for evaluating detailed damage amount of private property by natural disaster and to establish a restoration plan.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.16-26
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• 2020

Road Pavement Maintenance Work is generated in a variety of different field conditions, and it is difficult to calculate the construction cost because there are no detailed criteria when preparing the estimated construction cost. Unlike new pavements, Road Pavement Maintenance has to be constructed with operating vehicles, and there are many differences in productivity depending on urban areas, limited work hours, night-time, construction area, etc. To compensate for this, the standard for calculation of construction cost provides additional charges for the number of lanes, residential areas, working hours, and night work, but it applied differently depending on construction officials. In this study, construction cost estimation standards that can properly reflect the conditions of the site was investigated for major types of Road Pavement Maintenance work. The site was investigated and analyzed mainly for many construction sites with 'overlay of asphalt after cutting', 'restore surface', 'repair of pavement', and 'recovery of roadway'. The criteria for the application of construction volume separately according to working hours, public places, and land area including extra charges for basic downtown and residential area. The hours of operation were divided into three types(7 hours, 5 hours, 3 hours) excluding movement and preparation time, and each type provided a coefficient for dividing the area of the construction site into five types. The construction cost calculation method based on the construction purpose is site conditions is proposed accordingly, and it is deemed that a plan for the designer to calculate the construction cost has been prepared in consideration of the site conditions.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 2017

To minimize the damage caused by summer season such as high temperature and red tide, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding and starvation on the survival rate, growth, growth restoration and physiological response of red seabream Pagrus major which were reared in marine net cage ($6m{\times}6m{\times}6m$). The feeding group was fed throughout the experiment for 10 weeks, whereas starvation group was not fed for 6 weeks and subsequent refeeding for 4 weeks. Survival rates of feeding and starvation groups were 94.4% and 98.1% respectively. The growth rate of starvation group was significantly lower than feeding group during starvation period, but recovered rapidly after feeding. The nutritional status such as albumin, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride also showed similar tendency to the growth data. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were higher in the feeding group than the starvation group during starvation period. Aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and total cholesterol were rapidly increased at the same time (in 5 week) in feeding group, whereas starvation group did not significant difference during starvation period. It was shown that the feeding group is more sensitive to stress than the starvation group. Thus, starvation can be applied as a rearing management plan of net cage fish farm in summer season.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.481-504
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Biseul. The vascular plants collected 10 times(from May 2006 to October 2007) were identified as 468 taxa in total, including 89 families, 302 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 59 varieties and 11 forms. Korean endemic plants of this area were identified as 17 taxa including Thalictrum uchiyamai, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, Lonicera subsessilis, etc.; the Ministry of Environment-designated plants, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as one taxon including Aconitum austrokoreense; the Office of Forestry-designated rare & endangered plants were identified as 6 taxa including Viola albida, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, etc.; the naturalized plants were identified as 34 taxa, and their naturalization ratio and urban index were found to be 7.3%, and 12.2% respectively. This study newly identified about 160 taxa of the plants, among which 17 taxa were newly added to the list of naturalized plants, such as Phytolacca americana, Dicentra spectabilis, Lepidium apetalum, Medicago lupulina, Euphorbia supina, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cosmos bipinnatus, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Galinsoga ciliata, Rudbeckia bicolor, Sonchus oleraceus, Tagetes minuta, Taraxacum officinale, Chloris virgata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Tradescantia reflexa, etc. There existed many kinds of plants resources having conservational value like Aconitum austrokoreense etc. in this area, but there remains a fear of nature destruction's acceleration due to indiscriminate human development and access of a lot of visitors, so it is judged that there should be a management plan, such as a limit on the number of visitors or rest-year-system for restoration of nature.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.564-594
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• 2008

For this study, which was conducted in summer from $2006{\sim}2007$, 25 places of stream area in Korea, which were not affected by human, were selected by considering variable environmental factors. Plant surveys were performed in five qaudrats per each place of stream area(stream length=about 1km) on the basis of Braun-Blanquet(1964) and in four belt(length=20m) per each place of stream area by using belt-transect method in order to study the vegetation of the present-day potential natural state of water. In the results of the plant survey, the common plant communities in the mid-northern district(latitude$37^{\circ}37.9^{\circ}N$) were Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla community(with Quercus mongolica and Quercus aliena), and the common plant communities in the southern district(latitude$35^{\circ}35.9^{\circ}N$) were Quercus serrata community, Styrax japonica community and Quercus variabilis community. The common plant communities in the central district(latitude$36^{\circ}36.9^{\circ}N$) were Quercus serrata community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Quercus aliena community, which have the middle characteristic between mid-northern and southern district. Also, in the results of correlation analysis between environmental factors and appearance of plant species in the survey places of stream area, Eco region showed the most significant correlation, but for the plan to restore flood plain, it is necessary to clarify the vegetation of potential natural stream by increasing the number of study cases considering variable environmental factors, in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1988

To analyze phytosociological characteristics of the Mt. Namsan nature park, Seoul, vegetation structure of north-east and south-west slopes, competition capability among species, vegetation structures of afforested species were studied with belt-transect and quadrat methods. And management plan of each vegetational zone was proposed by the results of this study and the other previous reports. Numbers of species and individuals of south-west slope were greater than those of north-east slope. But species diversity of northeast showed stability of 1.0, while that of south-west showed instability from 0.8 to 1.3. The floristic dissimilarity coefficient between two slopes showed 70-80% in which species composition between two slopes was much different. Quercus mongolica was a dominant species at north-east slope and Pinus densiflora at south-west slope. Competition capability among major species was resulted in deciduous trees>Robinia pseudoacacia>Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa>Pinais densiflora, Quercus mongolica>deciduous trees>Pinus densiflora. Afforested vegetation at the Mt. Namsan, especially Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Picea abies, etc showed poor growth rate. The goal of the Nam-san nature park management is to conserve natural ecosystem as it is and, if necessary, to accerlerate restoration of the disturbed ecosytem to its nature by minimum energy input as possible. Management proposal was made for six vegetational management zone ; P. derasitZoru forest zone, Q. mongolica forest zone, deciduous forest zone, afforestation zone, R. pseduoacacia zone and landscape planting zone.