• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2001

The Ovarian developmental phases of the reproductive cycle of Rapana venosa can be classified into five successive stages by histological study: early active stage (September to February), late active stage (December to April), ripe stage (March to July), partially spawned stage (May to August), and recovery stage (June to September). To understand the characteristics of nutrient storage and utilization in the digestive gland cells with ovarian developmental phases, we examined the digestive gland - which is the major nutrient supply organ associated with ovarian development of the female purple shell - by biochemical methods. Total protein contents in the digestive gland tissues increased in March (late active stage) and reached the maximum in May (ripe and partially spawned stages), and then their levels sharply decreased in July (partially spawned and recovery stages). Total lipid contents in the digestive gland tissues reached the maximum in January (early active stage). Thereafter, their levels rapidly decreased from May (ripe and partially spawned stages) and reached a minimum in July (partially spawned and recovery stages). The total DNA contents did not significantly change regardless of the different developmental stages of the ovary. However, it was also found from biochemical analysis that changes in total RNA content follow the same seasonal cycling to protein. These results indicate that the digestive gland is an important energy storage and supply organ in purple shells, and that the nutrient contents of the digestive gland change in response to gonadal energy needs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 1997

A study was conducted to examine the effects of In addition on the precipitation behaviors of Al-2.1Li-2.9Cu alloy by differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy and micro-hardness tester. DSC analysis was measured over the temperature range of $25{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ at a heating rate of $2{\sim}20^{\circ}C$/min. The heat evolution peaks due to the formation of GP zone and ${\delta}$'phase shift to higher temperature and the peaks to $T_1$ and ${\theta}$'phases shift to lower temperature by In addition. From this result, it was proved that the formation of GP zone and ${\delta}$'phase is suppresed whereas that of $T_1$ and ${\theta}$'phases are accelerated by the In addition of 0.15wt%. The age hardening curve aged at $190^{\circ}C$ showed that the In bearing alloy(alloy B) has more faster age hardening response and a higher peak hardness than In-free alloy(alloy A), attributed to the fine and homogeneous distribution of $T_1$ and ${\theta}$'phases. The activation energies for the formation of ${\delta}$'phase in In-free and In-bearing alloys are 22.3kcal/mol and 18.6kcal/mol, respectively. Those for $T_1(+{\theta}^{\prime})$ phase of In-free and In-bearing alloys are 24.3 and 37.5kcal/mol, respectively. Quenched-in excess vacancies play an important role to the formation of precipitates.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2005

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of intra-articular injection of interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) on the formalin-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. Under anesthesia, a 30-gauge needle was introduced into the right TMJ region for injection of formalin. Microinjection of 50 ${\mu}l$ of 5% formalin significantly produced noxious scratching behavioral response, and the scratching behavior lasted for 40 min. Although the responses produced by formalin injection were divided into two phases, the response of 1st phase did not significantly differ from the scratching behavior response in the saline-treated group. We examined the effects of intra-articular injection of IL-1${\beta}$ on the number of noxious behavioral responses produced by 50${\mu}l$ of 5% formalin injection. Intra-articular injection of 100 pg and 1 ng of IL-1${\beta}$ significantly increased the number of behavioral responses of the 2nd phase, while 10 pg of IL-1${\beta}$ did not change the formalin-induced behavioral responses. To investigate whether IL-1 receptor was involved in the intra-articular administration of IL-1${\beta}$-induced hyperalgesic response, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL- ra, 50 ng) was administrated together with IL-1${\beta}$ injection. IL-1${\beta}$ receptor antagonist blocked IL-1${\beta}$- induced hyperalgesic response in the TMJ formalin test. These results suggest that intra-articular injection of IL-1${\beta}$ facilitated the transmission of nociceptive information in the TMJ area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1626-1631
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of normal maize (NM) with quality protein maize (QPM) on performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler (Krishibro) chickens. Six experimental diets were prepared separately for starter and finisher phases. Diet 1 was a control diet formulated with NM and soybean meal. In diets 2-5, the NM was replaced with QPM at 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Diet 6 was the same as the control diet, but supplemented with synthetic lysine similar to the industry standard. Each test diet was fed to 8 replicates, each of 5 chicks, reared in stainless steel battery brooders. The AME content of QPM (3382 kcal/kg) was similar to that of NM (3,352 kcal/kg), but protein (9.91 vs. 8.94%), lysine (0.40 vs. 0.26%) and tryptophan (0.09 vs. 0.07%) contents of QPM were higher than NM. Dietary replacement of NM with 50% QPM significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, humoral immune response, relative bursa weight, and breast muscle yield and lowered abdominal fat content. No further improvement in these parameters was recorded by increasing the level of replacement of NM with QPM to either 75% or 100%. Further, the improvement noticed in the 50% QPM group was similar to the group fed the NM diet with lysine supplementation, and thus dietary replacement of NM with QPM at 50% did not need extra synthetic lysine supplementation. It is concluded that dietary replacement of NM with QPM at the 50% level resulted in optimum performance, higher breast muscle yield and higher immune response in broiler chickens.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.488-497
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of a postpartum massage program on stress response in the Cesarean section mothers. The study focused on evaluating the effect of postpartum massage program on mood, anxiety, skin temperature and concentration of saliva and breast milk immunoglobulin A in the Cesarean section mothers. This study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. Twenty-eight Cesarean section mothers were selected as experimental group, whereas twenty- seven were control group. The postpartum massage program consisted of 20 minutes of warm-up, massage and ending phases and used once a day. During each program, there were 4 minutes of warm-up, 14 minutes of massage on back, axillary and breasts, and 2 minutes of ending. Massage were used for the experimental group by the same investigator 20 times per minute. The massage technique used were efflurage, petrissage, accupressure, kneading and vibration. Skin temperature was monitored with YSI Tele-thermometer(Simpson electric Co., USA) before and after massage program. The concentration of immunoglobulin A in saliva and breast milk was analyzed by immunoturbididimeter assay(Cobas INTEGRA, Swiss) before and after massage program. Also at this time mood and anxiety were measured by self-report. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 7.5 and hypothesis was tested with ANCOVA analysis and Pearson coefficient correlation. The results were as follows : 1) Score of mood increased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 2) Level of anxiety decreased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 3) Skin temperature increased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 4) Concentration of saliva immunoglobulin A increased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 5) Concentration of breast milk immunoglobulin A did not change significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 6) After use of postpartum massage program, there was significant correlation between psychological stress response and physiological stress response.The results suggest that postpartum massage program can be effective nursing intervention to reduce stress response in the postpartum mothers under stress.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.311-332
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• 2012

Earthquake response of mid-rise to high-rise buildings provided with friction dampers is investigated. The steel buildings are modelled as shear-type structures and the investigation involved modelling of the structures of varying heights ranging from five storeys to twenty storeys, in steps of five storeys, subjected to real earthquake ground motions. Three basic types of structures considered in the study are: moment resisting frame (MRF), braced frame (BF), and friction damper frame (FDF). Mathematical modelling of the friction dampers involved simulation of the two distinct phases namely, the stick phase and the slip phase. Dynamic time history analyses are carried out to study the variation of the top floor acceleration, top floor displacement, storey shear, and base-shear. Further, energy plots are obtained to investigate the energy dissipation by the friction dampers. It is seen that substantial earthquake response reduction is achieved with the provision of the friction dampers in the mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The provision of the friction dampers always reduces the base-shear. It is also seen from the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the top floor acceleration that there is substantial reduction in the peak response; however, the higher frequency content in the response has increased. For the structures considered, the top floor displacements are lesser in the FDF than in the MRF; however, the top floor displacements are marginally larger in the FDF than in the BF.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.283-300
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• 2009

The characteristic response of a structure to blast load may be divided into two distinctive phases, namely the direct blast response during which the shock wave effect and localized damage take place, and the post-blast phase whereby progressive collapse may occur. A reliable post-blast analysis depends on a sound understanding of the direct blast effect. Because of the complex loading environment and the stress wave effects, the analysis on the direct effect often necessitates a high fidelity numerical model with coupled fluid (air) and solid subdomains. In such a modelling framework, an appropriate representation of the blast load and the high nonlinearity of the material response is a key to a reliable outcome. This paper presents a series of calibration study on these two important modelling considerations in a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian framework using a hydrocode. The calibration of the simulated blast load is carried out for both free air and internal explosions. The simulation of the extreme dynamic response of concrete components is achieved using an advanced concrete damage model in conjunction with an element erosion scheme. Validation simulations are conducted for two representative scenarios; one involves a concrete slab under internal blast, and the other with a RC column under air blast, with a particular focus on the simulation sensitivity to the mesh size and the erosion criterion.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.193-198
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• 2003

In the present study, the vestibularly evoked activity of inferior olive (IO) neurons was examined to investigate the vertical vestibular information transmitted through the vestibulo-olivo-cerebellar climbing fiber pathway. The extracellular recording was made in 74 neurons of the IO of cats, while animals were sinusoidally rotated. Most of vestibularly activated IO neurons responded to the vertical rotation (roll) test and were found in or near the ${\beta}$ subnuclei $(IO{\beta})$. The vestibular IO neurons were activated, when the animal was rotated to the side contralateral to the recording site. In contrast to the observation that the gain of responses of yaw sensitive cells (YSC) was not changed by the rotation frequency, that of the roll-sensitive cells (RSC) decreased as the rotation frequency was increased. Regardless of RSC or HSC, IO neurons showed the tendency of phase-lag in their responses. The alternating excitatory and inhibitory phases of responses of RSC were dependent on the direction of head orientation, the characteristics of which are the null response plane (NRP) and the optimal response plane (ORP). The analysis based on the NRP of RSC showed that vestibular inputs from the ipsilateral anterior semicircular canal induced the NRP of the RSC response at about 45 degree counterclockwise to the longitudinal axis of the animal, and that those inputs were distributed to RSC in the rostral part of $IO{\beta}$. On the other hand, those from the posterior semicircular canal were related with the NRP at about 45 degree clockwise and with the caudal part of the $IO{\beta}$. These results suggest that IO neurons receive and encode the vestibular information, the priority of which seems to be the vertical component of the body movement rather than the horizontal ones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.290-300
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• 2000

One of the most important topics in attentional and emotional modulation of cardiac responses is time course of cardiac chronotropic response. The reason lies in dual innervation of heart, which leads to occurrence of several phases of cardiac response during exposure to affective stimuli, determined by the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. Cardiac chronotropic reactivity thus represents quite effective measure capable to trace the moment when attending and orienting processes (i.e., sensory intake of stimulus) prime relevant behavioral response (ile., emotion with approach or avoidance tendencies). The aim of this study was to find the time course of heart rate (HR) responses typical for negative (disgust, surprise, fear, anger) and positive (happiness, pleasant erotic) affective pictures and to identify cardiac response dissociation for emotions with different action tendencies such as "approach" (surprise, anger, happiness) and "avoidance" (fear, sadness, disgust). Forty college students participated in this study where cardiac responses to slides from IAPS intended to evoke basic emotions (surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness, pleasant-erotic). Inter-beat intervals of HR were analyzed on every 10 sec basis during 60 sec long exposure to affective visual stimuli. Obtained results demonstrated that differentiation was observed at the very first 10s of exposure (anger-fear, surprise-sad, surprise-erotic, surprise-happiness paris), reaching the peak of dissociation at 30s (same pairs plus surprise-disgust and surprise-fear) and was still effective for some pairs (surprise-erotic, surprise-sad) even at 50s and 60s. discussed are potential cardiac autonomic mechanisms underlying attention and emotion processes evoked by affective stimulation and theoretical considerations implicated to understand the role of differential cardiac reactivity in the behavioral context (e.g., approach-avoidance tendencies, orienting-defense responses).

• Public Diplomacy: Theory and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-34
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• 2023

This study finds that the South Korean government's public diplomacy efforts have focused on promotional activities such as the "K-wave" or responses to controversial historical issues. However, the South Korean government needs to be more prepared for strategic responses to unexpected crises and subsequent communications. This paper attempts to apply crisis communication research developed in the field of public relations to public diplomacy. To do so, this research reviewed theories in crisis communication, an essential area of public relations, and developed a crisis communication model. The model was then applied to several crisis case studies to suggest how to develop response strategies and conduct communications. As a result, this research developed an Ongoing Public Diplomacy Crisis Communication Model (PDCCM) that can be applied to public diplomacy research and practice. The model identifies four crisis communication principles (be quick, be open, be consistent, be authentic) that should be applied in six phases. Following continuous social listening and monitoring, governments should analyze crisis situations using sense-making, develop short- and long-term crisis response objectives, response strategies, and communication messages depending on the level of responsibility, implement crisis communication, and conduct post-crisis evaluation.