• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2016

Bronchodilators are the cornerstone of symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment. They are routinely recommended for symptom reduction, with a preference of long-acting over short-acting drugs. Bronchodilators are classified into two classes based on distinct modes of action, i.e., long-acting antimuscarinics (LAMA, once-daily and twice-daily), and long-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists (LABA, once-daily and twice-daily). In contrast to asthma management, evidence supports the efficacy of both classes of long-acting bronchodilators as monotherapy in preventing COPD exacerbations, with greater efficacy of LAMA drugs versus LABAs. Several novel LAMA/LABA fixed dose combination inhalers are currently approved for COPD maintenance treatment. These agents show superior symptom control to monotherapies, and some of these combinations have also demonstrated superior efficacy in exacerbation prevention versus monotherapies, or combinations of inhaled corticosteroids plus LABA. This review summarizes the current data on clinical effectiveness of bronchodilators alone or in combination to prevent exacerbations of COPD.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 1991

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of doxapram after ketamine treatment. Twelve healthy dogs were anesthetized with ketamine(15mg/kg IM) and then twenty minutes after the injection of ketamine six dogs received doxapram(2mg/kg IV)and six dogs received saline(5$m\ell$ IV)as a control group. Recovery time, respiratory rate, heart rate and electrocardiogram findings(ECG)were recorded. Recovery time was significantly decreased(p<0.05)by doxapram. Respiratory rate showed a maximal increase immediately after the administration of doxapram. Thereafter respiratory rate gradually decreased and revealed normal levels 10 minutes after the injection of doxapram. Ketamine increased significantly (p<0.05) heart rate. Heart rate showed slight increase immediately after the administration of doxapram. Thereafter heart rate gradually decreased, and revealed normal levels 20 minutes after the injection of doxapram.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.607-610
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• 1995

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of Ascorbic Acid (AA) supplementations in the layer and broiler diets kept in the natural hot humid tropical climate ($20-35^{\circ}C$). The layers and the broilers were fed on normal commercial diet as control while supplementation of 400 and 600 mg/kg Ascorbic Acid made up the experimental diets. The results showed that AA supplementation in the layers significantly reduced egg weight and increased Haugh unit values of the eggs, but produced no significant effects on feed intake, body weight, egg production, respiratory rate and body temperature. The shell thickness was slightly improved, though not significantly, with AA supplementation. AA supplementation in broilers improved body weight gain and FCR and reduced the effect of heat stress as shown by lower body temperature and respiratory rates.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of the indoor environmental factors of dental hygienists on physical symptoms. Methods : The subjects were 210 dental hygienists in dental hospitals and clinics in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Incheon and South Chungnam Province from May 1 to June 20, 2013. Results : There were significant differences between the presence or absence of windows in respiratory symptoms and eye symptoms. Room temperature, bad smell, and dry humidity had significant influences on physical and respiratory symptoms. Dermatological and ophthalmological symptoms were affected by dryness, smell and dusts. Dusts and bad smell also had influences on a variety of subjective symptoms. Conclusions : The indoor environments of dental hospitals and clinics affect the respiratory, dermatological, and ophthalmological symptoms because various hazardous materials are generated by the dental treatment. Therefore dental hygienists should have a correct understanding of bacteria, dusts and bio-aerosol in order to ensure the successful environmental control.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.73 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2012

Pneumonia is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality, despite advances in diagnosis and antibacterial treatment. Pneumonia is often misdiagnosed and mistreated up until recently. Recent classification of pneumonia consists of community-acquired pneumonia, health care-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. The etiology, risk factors, and treatment are different among them. This article briefly introduces new concepts and ideas in biomarkers, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of pneumonia during the past 2 years. One of the most frequent subjects of recent papers was those about pandemic H1N1 in 2009.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2018

When it comes to the use in inhalers in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, there are many options, considerations and challenges, which health care professionals need to address. Considerations for prescribing and dispensing, administering and following up, education, and adherence; all of these factors impact on treatment success and all are intrinsically linked to the device selected. This review brings together relevant evidence, real-life data and practice tools to assist health care professionals in making decisions about the use of inhalers in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. It covers some of the key technical device issues to be considered, the evidence behind the role of inhalers in disease control, population studies which link behaviors and adherence to inhaler devices as well as practice advice on inhaler technique education and the advantages and disadvantages in selecting different inhaler devices. Finally, a list of key considerations to aid health care providers in successfully managing the use of inhaler devices are summarized.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.270-274
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• 1993

Massive extradural spread, distinguished from subarachnoid injection that sometimes follows the introduction of small amounts of local anesthetics or narcotics during attempted epidural anesthesia or analgesia, has been attributed to subdural injection. A 64-year-old woman was admitted for partial radical hysterectomy under general anesthesia after insertion of lumbar epidural cathter by loss of resistance technique with 5 ml of air. In this case, we experienced severe respiratory depression and loss of consciousness after administration of 4 mg of morphine for postoperative pain control. We confirmed air shadows at right silvian and suprasella cisterna region by CT scanning. Patients was recovered without sequele after 2 days, As this case resembles a "massive epidural", it is suggested that subdural injection rather than epidural injection may explain the phenomenon.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2020

Blood eosinophil counts have emerged as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) biomarker that predict the effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in clinical practice. Post-hoc and prospective analysis of randomized control trials have shown that higher blood eosinophil counts at the start of the study predict a greater response to ICS. COPD patients with frequent exacerbations (2 or more moderate exacerbations/yr) or a history of hospitalization have a greater response to ICS. Ex-smokers also appear to have a greater ICS response. Blood eosinophil counts can be combined with clinical information such as exacerbation history and smoking status to enable a precision medicine approach to the use of ICS. Higher blood eosinophil counts are associated with increased eosinophilic lung inflammation, and other biological features that may contribute to the increased ICS response observed. Emerging data indicates that lower blood eosinophil counts are associated with an increased risk of bacterial infection, suggesting complex relationships between eosinophils, ICS response, and the airway microbiome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2022

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by varying and recurrent symptoms, reversible airway obstruction, and bronchospasm. In this paper, clinical important studies on asthma published between March 2021 and February 2022 were reviewed. A study on the relationship between asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis, bronchiectasis, and hormone replacement therapy was published. A journal on the usefulness of fractional exhaled nitric oxide for the prediction of severe acute exacerbation was also introduced. Studies on the effect of inhaler, one of the most important treatments for asthma, were published. Studies on the control of severe asthma continued. Phase 2 and 3 studies of new biologics were also published. As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been prolonged, many studies have explored the prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 infection in asthma patients.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.234-243
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of whole body vibration stimulation training combined with respiratory resistance on respiratory and balance function in stroke patients. 17 patients with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 8) and the general vibration exercise program (n = 9). The intervention was conducted three times a week for 30 minutes once a week for 4 weeks. The respiratory function and balance ability were evaluated before and after the intervention to evaluate the degree of functional improvement. As a result, there was a significant difference (p<.05) between the respiratory function and the balance ability in the experimental group, and a significant difference(p<.05) in the respiratory function between the experimental group and the control group. The balance ability was not significantly different among the experimental groups. Through the results of this study, whole body vibration stimulation training combined with respiratory resistance may be useful as a program for improving respiratory function and balance ability of stroke patients.