• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.210-222
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• 2000

Background: Endothelin(ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor. The plasma ET-1 level is elevated in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism(APTE). This finding suggest that ET-1 may be an important mediator in the cardiopulmonary derangement of APTE. But whether ET-1 is a pathogenic mediator or a simple marker of APTE is not known. The role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary dysfunction in APTE(delete) was investigated through an evaluation of the effects of $ET_A$-receptor antagonist on APTE. The increase in local levels of preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide in the embolized lung was also demonstrated. Methods: In a canine autologous blood clot pulmonary embolism model, $ET_A$-receptor antagonist(10 mg/kg intravenously, n=6) was administered one hour after the onset of the embolism. Hemodynamic measurements, blood gas tensions and plasma levels of ET-1 immunoreactivity in this treatment group were compared with those in the control group(n=5). After the experiment., preproET-1 mRNA expression(using Northern blot analysis) and the distribution of ET-1(by immunohistochemical analysis) in the lung tissues were examined. Results: The increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of the treatment group were less than those of the control group. Decrease in cardiac output was also less in the treatment group. Complications such as systemic arterial hypotension and hypoxemia did not occur with the administration of $ET_A$-receptor antagonist The plasma level of ET-1 like(ED: what does 'like' mean?) immunoreactivity was increased after embolization in both groups but was significantly higher in the treatment group. The preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide expressions were increased in the embolized lung. Conclusion: ET-1 synthesis increases with embolization in the lung and may plays play an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary derangement of APTE. Furthermore, $ET_A$-receptor antagonist attenuates cardiopulmonary alterations seen in APTE, suggesting a potential benefit of this therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 1984

In an effort to elucidate the physiological characteristics in cardiopulmonary function, electromyogram(EMG), and blood chemistry in athletic high school students, an analysis of electrocardiogram(ECG) and EMG, pulmonary function test, venous blood gas analysis($Pvo_2$ and$Pvco_2$), and measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood glucose and blood lactate were made for 16 to 19 year-old high school students who were divided into athletic (n=19) and non-athletic (n=20) group. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) ECG intervals in athletes were longer than in non-athletes, and the difference was significant in R-R, Q-T and T-P intervals. Resting heart rate in athletes was 56.3/min showing a bradycardia compared with 79.8/min in non-athletes. Amplitudes of R and T waves in lead $V_5$ were significantly higher than in non-athletes. 2) Pulmonary function parameters in athletes showed higher values than in non-athletes. Parameters which showed significant differences were FEV 0.5, PEF, FEF 25%, PIF and FEF $200{\sim}1.200\;ml. 3) Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate after exercise were significantly elevated from resting values. Heart rate and respiratory rate showed greater increase in non-athletes, while blood pressure showed greater increase in athletes. 4) $Pvo_2$ was lowered ana $Pvco_2$ was elevated after exercise, and there was no significant difference between two groups. 5) Blood glucose and lactate levels were elevated after exercise. The difference was significant in blood lactate, and was greater in non-athletes. 6) EMG amplitude was steadily increased with increasing load of exercise, and the increase was greater in athletes than in non-athletes.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.174-185
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• 2002

We investigated the effects of yohimbine and atipamezole in dogs anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine combination on electroencephalography (EEG) . Experiment groups were divided into three according to antagonists . Saline (1 ml) was used as an antagonist in group C, yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg) in group Y and atipamezole (50 ug/kg) in group A. Each group consisted of 5 dogs. Glycopyrrolate was injected 15 minutes prior to xylazine injection. Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IM) and ketamime (10 mg/kg, IV) were injected with the interval of 10 minutes. After 15 minutes, antagonists were administered intravenously. For EEG measurements, a recording electrode was positioned at Cz, which was applied to International 10-20 system. Heart rates, body temperature, respiratory rates, arterial blood pressure, $PaO_2$$PaCO_2$$PaCO_2$ at S4 in group Y was significantly decreased(p<0.05). Changes of electrolytes were not significant, except value of $Cl^-$ at S3 in group A. Mean head-up time (the time dogs showing head-up movement after antagonist injection, minutes) was $38.23^{\circ}$ae6.46 in group C, 2.54 $\pm$ 0.93 in group Y and 2.12$\pm$ 1.32 in group A. Mean sternal recumbent time (the time dogs showing sternal recumbency after antagonist injection, minutes) was 45.93$\pm$ 10.27 in group C, 11.91 $\pm$ 7.19 in group Y and 9.88$\pm$ 3.38 in group A. Mean walking time (minutes) was 53.49$\pm$ 9.21 in group C, 22.10$\pm$ 11.10 in group Y and 18.48$\pm$ 4.39 in group A. In group Y all dogs showed excitation and muscle rigidity in emergence. In group A, two dogs were also showed excitation and muscle rigidity, but were weaker than those of group Y.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1585-1592
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• 2016

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of simulated heat stress on digestibility and methane ($CH_4$) emission. Four non-lactating crossbred cattle were exposed to $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$ temperature with a relative humidity of 40% to 50% in a climatic chamber from 10:00 hours to 15:00 hours every day for 27 days. The physiological responses were recorded at 15:00 hours every day. The blood samples were collected at 15:00 hours on 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th, and 21st days and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. After 21 days, fecal and feed samples were collected continuously for six days for the estimation of digestibility. In the last 48 hours gas samples were collected continuously to estimate $CH_4$ emission. Heat stress in experimental animals at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ was evident from an alteration (p<0.05) in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, water intake and serum thyroxin levels. The serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity and protein, urea, creatinine and triglyceride concentration changed (p<0.05), and body weight of the animals decreased (p<0.05) after temperature exposure at $40^{\circ}C$. The dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) at $40^{\circ}C$ exposure. The dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ compared to $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ exposure whereas, organic matter (OM) and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) at $35^{\circ}C$ than $40^{\circ}C$ thermal exposure. The $CH_4$ emission/kg DMI and organic matter intake (OMI) declined (p<0.05) with increase in exposure temperature and reached its lowest levels at $40^{\circ}C$. It can be concluded from the present study that the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission were affected by intensity of heat stress. Further studies are necessary with respect to ruminal microbial changes to justify the variation in the digestibility and $CH_4$ emission during differential heat stress.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1296-1307
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• 1997

Background : Erdosteine is a thiol derivative developed for the treatement of chronic obstructive bronchitis, including acute infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Erdosteine has mucomodulating and antioxidant properties and especially exhibits excellent gastrointestinal tolerability. Methods : The study was conducted as a prospective evaluation, with 2 comparative groups orally treated with erdosteine 300mg (bid.) or ambroxol 30mg (b.i.d.) for 7 days and the design of trial was double-blind. The treatments have been assigned randomly to patients (n=80) with acute or chronic bronchitis. The primary end-point used to determine efficacy in this study was subjective symptoms including expectorating frequence, expectoration volume, expectorating difficulty, expectoration viscosity, cough intensity and dyspnea. The secondary end-points of efficacy was the result of arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary function test. Safety was evaluated with adverse drug reactions and laboratory tests monitoring. 61 patients was included in the efficacy analysis, due to the fact that 19 patients drop-out for different reasons. The obtained values have been analyzed with paired Hest., ANOVA test., multivariate $t^2$-test, repeated measures analysis of covariance, two sample t-test, loglinear-logit model analysis, Fisher's exact test. Results : 1) There was no significant difference on demographic data and vital signs between erdosteine and ambroxol treated groups. 2) The comparison between erdosteine and ambroxol treated groups showed no significant difference in improvement of each symptom in spite of the more favorable efficacy obtained with erdosteine. No difference on the contrary was observed for arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary function test. 3) As safety is concerned, no clinical significant changes in laboratory test and symptom were induced in erdosteine and ambroxol treated group and two patients in ambroxol treated group drop-out for adverse reactions in symptom. 4) In the evaluation of final clinical efficacy, erdosteine improved more effectively patient's overall symptoms {very good effect (11/31), good effect (12/31), moderate effect (6/31), no effect (2/31), aggravation (0/31)} than ambroxol {very good effect (6/30), good effect (14/30), moderate effect (5/30), no effect (4/30), aggravation (2/30)}. And the probability of symptomatic improvement by erdosteine compared to ambroxol was 2.5 times. (p<0.05). Conclusion : This study showed that erdosteine was clinically effective and safe drug for treatment of acute and chronic bronchitis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.609-617
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• 1999

Background: The aims of this study were to assess the etiologies, survival and prognostic factors of patients with chronic cor pulmonale visited Pusan National University Hospital. Methods : This study included 103 patients with chronic cor pulmonale. There were 67 men and 36 women. The diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was primarily based on the presence of underlying lung disorder and echocardiographic finding of enlarged or hypertrophied right ventricle. Other clinical data including patients' symptoms and signs, findings of arterial blood gas analysis, hematologic and biochemical laboratory and pulmonary function test were assessed. Results: The most common underlying lung disorder was pulmonary tuberculosis(59.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the next(28.2%). The survival rate was 57% in one year, 45% in two years, and 34% in three years. The prognostic factors were maximal voluntary ventilation(MVV), forced vital capaoity(FVC), $FEV_1$ serum Na, vital capacity(VC), serum albumin and peak expiratory flow(PEF) in univariate analysis. And in multivariate analysis, serum albumin(p=0.0144) and VC(p=0.0078) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most important underlying lung disorder in chronic cor pulmonale. The survival rate was 57% in one year, 45% in two years, and 34% in three years. Serum albumin (p=0.0144) and VC(p=0.0078) were statistically significant prognostic factors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1075-1081
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• 2007

We investigated whether 1) capsaicin ingestion (100 mg) enhances autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity as energy metabolic modulator, 2) UCP1 and ${\beta}_{3}$-AR variants of each subjects influence with ANS activity. Eight healthy males (24.7 ${\pm}$ 1.8 yr) volunteered for this study. The cardiac autonomic nervous activities evaluated by means of heart rate variability of power spectral analysis and energy metabolism were continuously measured during 5-min rest for total 90-min resting condition with placebo or capsaicin oral administration chosen at random. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in heart rate during rest between both trials. Autonomic nervous activity increased in capsaicin tablet trial, but the difference did not reach the statistical significance. Capsaicin, however, induced significantly lower respiratory gas exchange ratio at Test3 (CAP: 0.80 ${\pm}$ 0.02 vs. 0.85 ${\pm}$ 0.02), means ${\pm}$ SE, p<0.05). In conclusion, it may be suggested the capsaicin consumption as a valuable supplement for the treatment of individual with hyperlipidemia and/or obesity by improving lipolysis. Further studies will also be considered genetic variants such as UCP1 and/or ${\beta}_{3}$-AR associated with obesity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2016

Propionic acidemia (PA) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of the organic acid metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). PCC is a heteropolymeric enzyme composed of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits. The clinical symptoms of PA are heterogeneous and present vomiting, dehydration, hypotonia, and lethargy, and it can result in death. The typical presentations of neonatal onset PA are life-threatening metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia. Here, we described a case of neonatal onset PA with mild clinical presentations. She was born to a healthy mother without complications. No significant illness was observed until nine days after birth. She started exhibiting poor oral feeding, vomiting, lethargy, and hypotonia at ten days old. Her laboratory results showed mild hyperammonemia and acidosis. The initial diagnosis was neonatal sepsis and she was treated with antibiotics. However, her clinical symptoms didn't improve. So we considered a metabolic disease. She was given nothing by mouth and intravenous hydration and nutrition support was performed. Propionylglycine and 3-hydroxypropionic acid were showed high concentrations in urine by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). C3 level of acylcarnitine analysis elevated 10.4 uM/L (range, 0.200-5.00) in plasma. We took gene analysis for PA to be based on the symptoms and laboratory results. We detected PCCB gene mutation and diagnosed PA. She survived without severe neurologic defects and complications and was hospitalized only three times with upper respiratory tract infections for 7 years. We report a case of a ten days old neonate with PA presenting without severe metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia who was effectively treated with early aggressive care and conventional methods.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.227-259
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• 1989

Waterpepper is a weed which grows on damp soil. especially near swamps, and in shallow water of ponds and ditches. It Is widespread throughout the country In abundant colonies. In the present experiments, possible toxic effects of waterpepper were investigated in ruminants. Pour cows were fed waterpepper ad libitum or by force in the from of green forage, hay and/or powder, 8 goats were administered in the form of methanol extract, and 4 goats, crude juice, into the lumen. Clinical signs were examined as well as urinalysis, hematology, serum chemical analysis, pH/blood gas analysis and chclinesterase activities following administration of waterpepper. Six goats which were administered the methanol extract or crude juice were sacrificed for pathological examinations., In addition to the clini copathological examinations, the chemical constituents of waterpepper were qualitively analyzed from the methanol extract and the Effects of the waterpepper crude juice were examined on the motility of rabbit duodenum and uterus. It is revealed that waterpepper contains steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannin and essential oils in the methanol extract and nitrates in the crude juice. The crude juice of waterpepper relaxed the rabbit uterine and duodenal smooth muscles. The constraction of duodenum by acetylcholine or BaCl$_2$ were partially inhibited by pretreatment of the crude juice. However, the relaxation of duodenum by the crude juice was not blocked by the pretreatments of phenoxybenzamlne, propranolol, cocaine, reserpine and tetrodotoxin. The constituents of waterpepper to evoke elaxation of duodenal smooth muscle were stable to heat. The cows administered waterpepper showed common clinical symptoms such as acrid expression, restlessness, dullness, inappetence, anorexia, severe diarrhea, mild bloat and left displacement of abomasum, while bloody feces was shown in a cow. The goats administered the mothanol extract showed common clinical signs such as acrid expression, restlessness, dullness, inappetence and soft feces, while bloody feces was shown in a goat, A goat adminstered the crude juice showde bloody feces and diarrhea. Respiratory rates and heart beats were increased along with diarrhea in the experimental cows. The erythrocyte counts and MCHC were decreased whereas PCV, MCV and neutrophils were increased in the cows administered waterpepper. In goats administered methanol extract, there were decreases in erythrocytes, PCV and hemoglobin content, and an increase in MCHC. The goats ingester with the crude juice showed negligible changes in hematologic values compared with control group which was administered the same amount of water instead of the crude juice. The contents of serum calcium, Inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, Iron, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides and phospholipids were tended to decrease in cows. In goats serum iron, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, BUN and phospholipids content were decreased while the content of sodium and chloride were increased after administration of the methamol extract The goats ingested with the crude juice did not show significant changes in serum chemical analysis. Even though there were some pathological findings such as hyperemia in the small intestines and kidneys and swelling of liver parenchymal cells, the values of serum AST, ALT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and creatinine did not change significantly. While proteins, hemoglobin and blood were detected in the urine of cows, urine pH, ketone bodies, glucose, bilirubin and urobilinogen content were normal or undetected. There were no significant changes in pH/bolld gas analysis data of cows and cholinesterase activities of plasma and erythrocytes of cows and goats ingested with waterpepper or the methanol extract. It is concluded that waterpepper irritates the gatrointestinal system, causes abdominal pain, relaxes the gastrointestinal smooth muscle and dilatates blood vessels supplied to the system. The irritation and relaxation may lead to abnormal fermentation, maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients and result in diarrhea, body feces, mild bloat and left displacement of abomasum.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.548-553
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• 2006

Background : Alcoholic ketoacidosis(AKA) is a metabolic disturbance that is caused by prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption. Though the prognosis is reportedly good, its outcome is unclear in some cases that are combined with multi-organ failure. There are few reports of an analysis of cases admitted to an intensive care unit(ICU) Method: Cases of AKA admitted to the ICU over the last 5 years were retrospectively analyzed. Severe AKA was characterized by multi-organ failure that required treatment in an ICU Results : All patients were males with a history of excessive alcohol consumption. Five of them (50%) mainly complained of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), showing metabolic acidosis with an increased asmolar and anion gap. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was the most common combined organ failure. Mechanical ventilation was performed in 80%. Six patients died and 4 patients survived. In the surviving patients, the arterial blood gas analysis(ABGA) was normalized within 12 hours after admission. Conclusion : In severe AKA patients, rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was the most common complication. The mortality rate was high and death from shock occurred within 3 days.