• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.473-481
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• 2017

초미세먼지 (particulate matter 2.5, $PM_{2.5}$)는 분진의 입경이 2.5 이하의 보다 작은 크기의 미세한 입자들을 말하는데, 미세먼지와 달리 대기 중에서 제거가 어렵고 기도나 코 점막에서 걸러지지 않으며, 호흡 시 폐포까지 직접 침투하기 때문에 장기간 노출될 경우, 폐 기능 감소, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 증가, 폐암 발생증가가 있다고 알려져 있다. 현재 국내외에서 초미세먼지에 대해 다양한 연구가 이루어지고 있는데, 초미세먼지의 농도는 기상인자 (풍속, 강우량, 일사량 등)에 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 이산화질소, 오존, 이산화황, 미세먼지 등 대기물질의 농도에도 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 특히 우리나라는 점차 증가하고 있는 자동차 수나 오염원으로 인한 초미세먼지외에도 중국으로부터 유입되는 초미세먼지 또한 고려되어야 하는 대상이므로 기상인자 중 풍향과 풍속 또한 어느 정도 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단되며 인접 지역에 대한 영양 또한 고려되어야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 초미세먼지 농도에 영향을 미치는 유의한 대기물질 및 기상자료와 초미세먼지 농도의 지역적 특성을 고려한 공간자기상관 행렬에 기초한 공간패널모형을 소개하였고 이를 서울 25개 구에서 관측된 초미세먼지 자료에 적용하였다. 또한 초미세먼지와 대기오염물질의 농도를 통해 서울시에서 발생한 호흡기 질환 환자 수를 분석하여 그의 위해성을 확인하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.460-465
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• 2006

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics as a feed additive for Juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Three experimental diets supplemented with Bacillus polyfermenticus (BP), Bacillus licheniformis (BL), or Bacillus polyfermenticus plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (BP+SC) at $1.0{\times}10^7CFU/kg$ diet on a dry-matter basis were prepared. The basal diet was used as a control. After the 8-week feeding trial, the respiratory burst activity (NBT assay) of fish fed the BP + SC diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the BP, BL and BP + SC diets had significantly lower cumulative mortality than did fish fed the control diet after the third day of the challenge test (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences among fish fed the experimental diets in weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, hematosomatic index, condition factor, survival rate, or Iysozyme activity. Results could suggest that dietary B. polyfermenticus, B. licheniformis, and B. polyfermenticus +S. cerevisiae enhance nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in juvenile olive flounder.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.731-741
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• 2020

코로나바이러스감염증-19(COVID-19)는 SARS-CoV-2에 의해 발병된다. 지금까지 인간에게 감염되는 7 가지 종류의 코로나 바이러스가 보고되었다. 그 중, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, 그리고 HCoV-HKU1 등 4종류의 코로나바이러스는 감기와 같은 단순 호흡기 질환을 유발한다고 보고되었다. 반면, SARS-CoV는 2002년에, MERS-CoV는 2012년에 각각 대유행을 일으킨 바 있다. 가장 최근에는 2019년 12월 중국 우한에서 처음 보고된 SARS-CoV-2가 전세계적인 대유행의 원인이 되고 있다. 이러한 SARS-CoV-2를 진단하고, 치료하고, 예방하기 위해서는 신속 정확한 진단키트, 치료제, 그리고 안전한 백신의 개발의 필수적으로 요구된다. 이러한 강력한 도구들을 개발하기 위해서는 SARS-CoV-2의 표현형, 유전자형, 그리고 생활주기 등의 연구가 선행되어야 한다. SARS-CoV-2의 진단기술은 현재 크게 두가지의 큰 분야인 분자진단과 면역혈청학적 진단으로 구분할 수 있다. 분자진단의 경우 SARS-CoV-2의 유전체를 대상으로 하며, 면역혈청학적 진단은 SARS-CoV-2의 항원 단백질 혹은 SARS-CoV-2에 대한 항체를 대상으로 한다. 본 총설에서는 SARS-CoV-2의 표현형, 유전체 구조, 그리고 유전자 발현에 대해서 정리하고, SARS-CoV-2에 대한 다양한 진단 기술 등에 대한 기초지식을 제공하고자 한다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

목적: 최근 일개 고등학교(S 고등학교)에서 유행성이하선염이 집단발병 하였기에 본 연구에서는 S 고등학교의 발생 현황을 알아보고 진단을 위해 시행한 PCR 검사의 역학적 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 2013년 4-7월 유행성이하선염이 의심되어 의료기관을 방문한 S 고등학교 학생들의 월별 분포와 학년별 수를 조사 하였고 이중 일부 학생에게 PCR 검사를 시행하였다. 결과: 총 77명이 의료기관을 방문하였고 월별로 4월 1명, 5월 17명, 6월 45명, 7월 5명, 학년별로 1학년 26명, 2학년 28명, 3학년 23명이었다. 볼점막도찰 PCR 검사를 받은 18명 중 15명은 증상 발생 3일 이내에 검체를 채취하여 그 중 5명(33.3%)이 양성이었고 나머지 3명은 3일 이후에 검체를 채취하여 모두 음성이었다(P=0.24). 결론: 본 저자들은 S 고등학교의 유행성이하선염의 집단발병 양상을 조사하였다. PCR 검사는 증상 발생 후 3일 이내 시행하면 역학 조사시 도움이 될 가능성이 있겠다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.385-408
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• 1998

Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The effect of Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) on histamine and acetylcholine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats and guinea pigs. Guinea pig (500 g, male) and Sprague Dawley rats (200 g, male) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (8-10 mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5 g loading tension. The dose of histamine (His) and acetylcholine (Ach) which evoked 50% of maximal response ($ED_{50}$) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine and acetylcholine $(10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-4}M)$. Contractions evoked by His $(ED_{50})$ and Ach $(ED_{50})$ were inhibited significantly by Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was 13.5% (p<0.05) after $10{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散), $64.6\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散), and $92.8\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was $60.9\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散), and $91.2\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). Also, in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was $104.8\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) and $142.3\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was $63.7\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散), and $107.5\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). Propranolol $(10^{-7}M)$ slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). Following treatment with propranolol, the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) fell to 15.7% (p<0.05) in guinea pig induced by acetylcholine contraction and the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) fell to 22.3% (p<0.05) in guinea pig induced by histamine contraction and by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) fell to 28.7% (p<0.01) in rat induced by histamine contraction. Indomethacin and methylene blue $(10^{-7}\;M)$ did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Pyeongpaesan (平肺散). Also, I could find the effects of Pyeongpaesan (平肺散) and Pyeongpaesanga (平肺散加) morphine on the tracheal smooth muscle in guinea pig and rat did not change significantly. These results indicate that Pyeongpaesan. (平肺散) can relax histamine and acetylcholine-induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves sympathetic effects and the release of cyclooxygenase products.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.106-114
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• 2007

Background : Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, Ephedra sinica $S_{TAPE}$) has been widely used to treat respiratory disease in Asian over the past thousand years. The main ingredient of Mahuang is ephedrine, whose affects on the autonomic nervous system induce some adverse effects like vasoconstriction, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, insomnia, dizziness, headache, etc. Although there were lots of reports about adverse effects of Mahuang, there were no clinical studies which evaluated the adverse effects of Mahuang on the autonomic nervous system by objective numerical value in the past decade. Objectives : The purpose of this report was to provide an objective assessment of state-trait anxiety that is caused by Mahuang, and to identify anxiety of Mahuang according to different Sasang constitution classifications. Methods : The study design was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. The subjects of this study were 79 adults aged between 20 to 40 who agreed to participate. Because 8 adults dropped out, a total of 71 subjects entered the study. They were allocated through randomization to a Mahuang group (N=50) and placebo group (N=21). Each group took three opaque capsules (every opaque capsule containing 2g of Mahuang or none) twice a day. To compare the state and trait anxiety before and after taking Mahuang, we checked the anxiety by using STAI-KYZ. Results : The following results were obtained. Short-term administration of Mahuang significantly increased state-anxiety, but in the placebo group, there were no significant changes in state-anxiety. In the Mahuang group except females, there was more significant increase in state-anxiety of Soeumin than Soyangin and Taeumin in the 2nd measurement. Conclusion : It is suggested that the ingestion of Mahuang can increase sympathetic activity and induce anxiety. There was a significant difference among Sasang constitution classification. Especially, the response is stronger in Soeumin than other constitutions. If we use Mahuang according to the Sasang constitution classification in clinic, we could not only minimize the anxiety but maximize the potential curative value.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.252-257
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• 2015

Background: Lobectomy is the generally accepted standard treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, especially in elderly patients, it is often necessary to perform pneumonectomy in order to maximize the likelihood of curative treatment, although pneumonectomy is a challenging procedure. Methods: We analysed patients who were clinically diagnosed with stage I NSCLC and underwent pneumonectomy with curative intent from 2004 to 2011. The patients were divided into an elderly group (${\geq}70$ years) and a younger group (<70 years). We retrospectively analysed the outcomes of these groups of patients in order to characterize the role of pneumonectomy as a treatment for elderly patients with clinical stage I NSCLC. Results: Thirty patients younger than 70 years of age (younger group) and fourteen patients 70 years of age or older (elderly group) who underwent pneumonectomy were enrolled in the present study. The median follow-up period was 35 months (range, 0 to 125 months). The perioperative mortality rate (within 90 days after the operation) was 7.1% in the elderly group and 6.7% in the younger group (p=0.73). No significant differences between the two groups were observed regarding the occurrence of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia, bronchopleural fistula, and vocal cord paralysis. The overall five-year survival rate was 79.4% in the younger group and 35.7% in the elderly group, which was a significant difference (p=0.018). The five-year disease-free survival rate was 66.7% in the younger group and 35.7% in the elderly group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.23). Conclusion: Although elderly patients with early stage lung cancer showed a worse long-term survival rate after pneumonectomy than younger patients, the outcomes of elderly patients were similar to those of younger patients in terms of perioperative mortality and postoperative complications. Patients should not be denied pneumonectomy solely due to old age.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.425-441
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• 1997

The neuropeptide substance P(SP) has been implicated in the mediation of inflammation and immune-mediated disease such as arthritis. Recently, it was reported that SP was markedly increased around the blood vessels in inflamed gingiva as well as in close association with the inflammatory cell infiltrate. These results support that SP may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuronal inflammation in human periodontal tissues. SP may regulate inflammatory/immune responses by stimulating the proliferation of human T cells, differentiation and antibody-secreting potential of B cells, macrophage respiratory burst, connective tissue proliferation, and the secretion of cytokines from monocytes and T cells. Here, I studied potential role of SP as a costimulatory chemical signal in inflammatory/immune responses, by determining the released proinflammatory cytokines such as $MIP-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 from culture supernatants of homogeneous immune cell lines. Serum free cell supernatants were concentrated with TCA precipitation, fractionated with SDS-PAGE, and subjected into western blot analysis. Among 15 cell lines tested, macrophage/monocyte cell line RAW264.7 and WRl9m.1 showed the highest level of induction of $MIP-1{\alpha}$ when stimulated with LPS. Discrete IL-6 bands with multiple forms of molecular mass were detected from supernatants of B cell lines A20(32kDa), Daudi(32, 35kDa), and SKW6.4(29kDa), which were expressed constitutively. $IL-1{\beta}$ could not be detected by the method of western blot analysis from supernatants of all cell lines tested except RAW264.7, WRl9m.1, and erythroid cell line K562 which showed the least amount of $IL-{\beta}$ secretion. SP $10^{-9}M$ with suboptimal dose of LPS treatment showed synergistic induction of $MIP-1{\alpha}$ release from RAW264.7 or WR19m.1, and also IL-6 release from A20, but this synergism is not the case in costimulation of RAW264.7 or WRl9m.1 with SP $10^{-9}M$ and TPA. Although treatment of T cell line CTLL-R8 with SP $10^{-7}M$ or PHA+TPA induced modest level of $MIP-1{\alpha}$ secretion, synergism was not observed when they are applied together. These findings all together suggest the possibility of a regulatory role of SP in inflammatory/immune reaction through differential modulation of bioactivities of other chemical cosignals.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2329-2334
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• 2012

Introduction: Many studies have reported that microRNA-21 (miR-21) mihght predict the survival outcome in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) but the opposite opinion has also been expressed. The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence for a prognostic role of miR-21. Materials and Methods: All the eligible studies was searched by Medline and EMBASE and patients' clinical characteristics and survival outcome were extracted. Then a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the prognostic role of the miR-21 expression in different subgroups. Results: A total of 8 eligible articles were yielded covering survival outcomes or clinical characteristics. The combined hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for overall survival (OS) was 2.19 [0.76, 6.30], while the combined HR (95% CI) of Asian group for OS had a significant result, 5.49 [2.46, 12.27]. The combined HR (95% CI) for recurrence free survival or disease free survival (RFS/DFS) was 2.31 [1.52, 3.49]. Odds ratios (ORs) showed that the miR-21 expression was associated with lymph node status and histological type. Conclusion: miR-21 expression could predict the prognostic outcome of NSCLC in Asians, despite some deficiencies in the study data.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권sup1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2016

Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the terminal or interstitial deletion of the chromosome 22q13.3. Patients with this syndrome usually have global developmental delay, hypotonia, and speech delays. Several putative genes such as the SHANK3, RAB, RABL2B, and IB2 are responsible for the neurological features. This study describes the clinical features and outcomes of Korean patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Two patients showing global developmental delay, hypotonia, and speech delay were diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid syndrome via chromosome analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of Patients 1 and 2 showed delayed myelination and severe communicating hydrocephalus, respectively. Electroencephalography in patient 2 showed high amplitude spike discharges from the left frontotemporoparietal area, but neither patient developed seizures. Kidney ultrasonography of both the patients revealed multicystic kidney disease and pelviectasis, respectively. Patient 2 experienced recurrent respiratory infections, and chest computed tomography findings demonstrated laryngotracheomalacia and bronchial narrowing. He subsequently died because of heart failure after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation at 5 months of age. Patient 1, who is currently 20 months old, has been undergoing rehabilitation therapy. However, global developmental delay was noted, as determines using the Korean Infant and Child Development test, the Denver developmental test, and the Bayley developmental test. This report describes the clinical features, outcomes, and molecular genetic characteristics of two Korean patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome.