• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.683-687
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• 2006

The respiration rate of Chinese quince was measured at 0, 5, 10, and $20^{\circ}C$ to determine its tolerable range of storage temperatures. Based on the measured respiration rates, plastic films covering a wide range of gas permeabilities were used for packaging and storing individual Chinese quince at 0 and $10^{\circ}C$. Chinese quince can be categorized as low respiration fruit. Higher respiratory quotients were observed at higher temperature suggesting that the tolerable temperature range for storage is $0-10^{\circ}C$. Packages containing Chinese quince wrapped in highly gas-permeable polyolefin film PD 941 attained, with progressive decreases in volume, 9.5-10.2% $O_2$ and 1.3-1.8% $CO_2$ at $0^{\circ}C$, 8.1% $O_2$ and 2.4% $CO_2$ at $10^{\circ}C$. At these levels, PD 941 could preserve the fruit at acceptable quality levels for 152 and 50 days at 0 and $10^{\circ}C$, respectively. Less gas-permeable packages built up high $CO_2$ concentrations (above 15.8%) and low $O_2$ concentrations (less than 1.8%) causing free volume expansion and eventual dark discoloration of the fruit. The storage life realized by packaging with polyolefin film PD 941 could facilitate the availability of Chinese quinces in winter and spring for medicinal or ornamental purposes in the fresh state.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the speech characteristics and speech therapy of Parkinson disease (PD). This study selected 28 papers published in Korea from 1998 to 2018 after searching the terms 'Parkinson voice' and 'Parkinson speech therapy.' Literature review had been conducted in the two aspects of speech characteristics and speech therapy. The speech characteristics were divided into respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody, vowel production, and voice questionnaire. Speech therapy was divided into Lee Sliverman voice treatment (LSVT) and other voice therapy. PD patients did not differ in respiration function compared to normal elderly people, but their speech and articulation function were poorer. There was also a difference in the speech rate, frequency of pause, and accuracy of vowel production compared with normal elderly people. PD had a lower VHI score and their voice related quality of life was a little poorer. The LSVT was typically used in speech therapy for PD. The methods of speech therapy for PD have been shown to improve respiration and phonation. It is necessary to establish voice norms in PD patients and develop effective speech therapy in the following study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2006

Stem respiration rate ($R_{stem}$) was examined using an open flow system on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). $R_{stem}$ exponentially increased with increasing air and stem temperature during measurement period and was most closely correlated with stem temperature. It was more closely correlated with stem temperature observed 0.5-2.0 hrs earlier than with current stem temperature, that is, there was time lag between the increase of stem temperature and the efflux of $CO_2$ from stem. $R_{stem}$ gradually increased from spring to summer, and then decreased during autumn. $R_{stem}$ ranged from 0.13 to $4.44{\mu}mol$ $CO_2m^{-2}s^{-1}$. $Q_{10}$ decreased with increasing stem temperature, and varied along position (or diameter) within trees during the same period, especially during the growing season. On the other hand, time lag was shortened with increasing temperature.

• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2007

Cochtodinium votykrikoides -related red tide is the most notorious tidal bloom, resulting in mass mortality to marineanimals. This study aimed to test the effect of C. polyknkoides on the lethality to Haliotis discus hannai under con-trolled conditions. The oxygen demand of C. polykrikoides increases to reach its peak duhng the night, while the oxy-gen usage by H. discus hannai was continuously decreased with a threshold of 2 mg L U. The addition of C.polykrikoides did not effect the respiration of the H. discus hannai. However, the usage of oxygen by C. polykrikoidesduhng the night may lead to anoxia in the animal. With aeration, the level of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was between6.06 and 7.28 mg LU; 90% of abalones survived even with a high concentration of C. potykrikoides (9000 cells mL U).Without aeration (3 mg LU of D.O.), however, the H. discus hannai suffocated immediately. Once 20 hours hadelapsed, all of the abalones were dead. The density of the H. discus hannai population contributed to their mortality.Therefore, aeration during the night and maintaining lower abalone densities is the best way to promote the sur-vivorship of H. discus hannai during a C. polykrikoides red tide.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.123-126
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• 2007

The quality of Yukbo strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) fruit declines rapidly after harvest. Therefore, we examined the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on its respiration rate, quality, and shelf life. Strawberries were fumigated for 5 hr at 0, 50, 100, 200, or $500\;{\mu}L/L$ NO atmosphers, followed by a hold at $18^{\circ}C$ in air. Treatment with NO delayed the onset of ethylene production ad reduced respiration, which at $18^{\circ}C$ resulted I a maintained quality and prolonged shelf life. The NO-treated strawberries were also firmer and had a lower incidence of disease than the untreated fruit. The effect of NO on fruit quality was dose-dependent. Strawberries that were treated with low and high concentrations of 50 and $500\;{\mu}L/L$ No, respectively, had severe disease incidence and were of poor quality. Treating with NO at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}L/L$ appeared to slow down the ripening and senescence of fruit stored at $18^{\circ}C$. Calyx browning, respiration, and rot development progressed more quickly in strawberries treated with $500\;{\mu}L/L$ NO compared to those treated with $200\;{\mu}L/L$ No.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.409-417
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• 1991

To investigate effects of chronic alcohol consumption and tocopherol on lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial respiration 48 male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into 4 groups. Each group received for 3 weeks one of 4 experimental diets: tocopherol deficient control (TDC), tocopherol deficient-ethanol (TDE), tocopherol-supplemented control (TSC) and tocopherol-supplemented-ethanol (TSE). Composition of the diets was based on the Lieber and Decarli liquid diet and $\alpha$-tocopherol was supplemented at the level of 30mg/liter of diet, and ethanol supplied 36kcal%. TDC and TSC were pair-fed to TDE and TSE, respectively. Increase of body weight of tocopherol deficient-ethanol group was the lowest and the effect was diminished with tocopherol supplementation. Respiration of liver mitochondria was depressed in ethanol-administered groups and the effect became larger with tocopherol deficiency. Hepatic lipid peroxide level was not influenced by ethanol, but hepatic tocopherol content decreased with ethanol treatment. The result indicated that, although lipid perroxide level was unchanged with chronic ethanol consumption, oxidative stress exists in tissues of rate administered ethanol and may be relieved by tocopherol supplementation.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.835-845
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• 2018

We studied the role of ethylene control in regulating energy metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, and vase life of cut rose Rosa hybrida 'Carola'. Rose flowers at stage II were sprayed with one of the following solutions: water (control), $10{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$ 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), or $0.5g\;L^{-1}$ 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (ethephon). After harvest, ethylene production rate, respiration intensity, energy charge (EC), activities of energy metabolism-related and antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Results showed that 1-MCP enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, $H^+$-adenosine triphosphatase, $Ca^{2+}$-adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, maintained high EC levels, inhibited respiration intensity, reduced peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and MDA accumulation, and prolonged vase life. Ethephon promoted ethylene production and respiration intensity, increased POD and PPO activity, reduced ATP content and EC levels, and accelerated senescence. Our results support a novel role for ethylene control in regulating senescence of 'Carola'.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.592-599
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• 2011

Plum is a climacteric fruit and softening is a serious problem for storage and transportation. Thus $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to plums to prolong their shelf life and maintain quality. Japanese plums (Prunus salicina cv. Formosa) were stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and $0^{\circ}C$ for 14 days and 46 days respectively, with or without 1-MCP treatment. Fruits were treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP at $10^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Ethylene production and respiration rate were strongly inhibited in 1-MCP-treated fruits at $20^{\circ}C$. It was also observed that there was less ethanol and acetaldehyde evaporation in 1-MCP-treated fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ compared to those in control fruits not treated with 1-MCP. Fruit qualities, such as firmness, titratable acidity (TA), skin color, and decay, changed more slowly in 1-MCP-treated fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ than in untreated fruits. There were no differences in the ethylene production or respiration rate between the groups of fruits stored at $0^{\circ}C$ throughout the experiment. Chilling injury was also inhibited by the application of 1-MCP during storage at $0^{\circ}C$. When the fruits stored at $0^{\circ}C$ with or without 1-MCP were transferred to $20^{\circ}C$ after 25 days, the differences in ethylene production and respiration rate, firmness, TA, TSS, and acetaldehyde and ethanol evaporation between the initial (after being stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 25 days) and the final measurements (after being stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and then transferred to $20^{\circ}C$ for three days) were lower in 1-MCP treated fruits than in non-treated fruits. The postharvest application of 1-MCP in Formosa plums showed positive effects at both $0^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ storage conditions with regard to quality, such as low ethylene production and low respiration rates, firmness, TA, ethanol, and acetaldehyde evaporation, chilling injury, and decay.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2013

This study was conducted to find out the changes of survivorship, respiration and organ structure of Mactra veneriformis exposed to copper (Cu). Experimental period was four weeks. Experimental groups were composed of one control condition and three copper exposure conditions (0.025, 0.050 and 0.100 mg/L). The results of the study confirmed that copper induces reduction of survival rate and respiration rate and histopathology of organ structure of the bivalve. In the copper concentration of 0.100 mg/L, mortality was 100% after Cu exposure of 3 weeks. Respiration rate was observed exposure groups lower than control decline by 75%. Histological analysis of organ system illustrated expansion of hemolymph sinus, disappearance of epidermal layer and degeneration of connective tissue layer of the mantle. Also, histological degenerations as epithelial necrosis and hyperplasia of mucous cells are recognized in the gill and it was observed expansion of hemolymph sinus, disruption of epithelial layer, decrease of mucous cell and degeneration of connective tissue layer in the foot. In the digestive diverticulum, it was showed atrophy of basophilic cell and degeneration of epithelial cell in the digestive tubules, and as the concentration of copper increased the accumulation of lipofuscin increased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.352-362
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• 2022

Photosynthesis and respiration of seagrasses are mainly controlled by water temperature. In this study, the photosynthetic physiology and respiratory changes of the Asian surfgrass Phyllospadix japonicus, which is mainly distributed on the eastern and southern coasts of Korea, were investigated in response to changing water temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30℃) by conducting mesocosm experiments. Photosynthetic parameters (maximum photosynthetic rate, P_max; compensation irradiance, I_c; and saturation irradiance, I_k) and respiration rate of surfgrass increased with rising water temperature, whereas photosynthetic efficiency (α) was fairly constant among the water temperature conditions. The P_max and I_k dramatically decreased under the highest water temperature condition (30℃), whereas the I_c and respiration rate increased continuously with the increasing water temperature. Ratios of maximum photosynthetic rates to respiration rates (P_max : R) were highest at 5℃ and declined markedly at higher temperatures with the lowest ratio at 30℃. The minimum requirement of H_sat (the daily period of irradiance-saturated photosynthesis) of P. japonicus was 2.5 hours at 5℃ and 10.6 hours at 30℃ for the positive carbon balance. Because longer H_sat was required for the positive carbon balance of P. japonicus under the increased water temperature, the rising water temperature should have negatively affected the growth, distribution, and survival of P. japonicus on the coast of Korea. Since the temperature in the temperate coastal waters is rising gradually due to global warming, the results of this study could provide insights into surfgrass responses to future severe sea warming and light attenuation.