• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2008

The polarization resistance of mild steel in 0.5M hydrochloric acid has been evaluated by using impedance (Z) and linear polarization (LPR) techniques and compared to the noise resistance obtained from electrochemical noise data. The degree of localization of this general corrosion has also been discussed by evaluating localization index and power spectral density. Polarization resistance obtained by LPR technique ($28\Omega$) was higher than that obtained by impedance technique ($15\Omega$). Noise resistance ($11\Omega$) was much lower than polarization resistance measured by both of above techniques. Higher polarization resistance obtained by LPR technique is generally caused by passivation effect in the presence of scales or deposits which can introduce an increased resistance as can low conductivity electrolytes. The reason why noise resistance is lower than polarization resistance is the effect of background noise detected by using three platinum electrodes cell in 0.5M hydrochloric acid. Slope($-\beta$) of power spectral density (PSD) obtained from analysis of noise data ($-\beta$ = 3.3) was much higher than 2 which indicates mild steel corroded uniformly. Localization index (LI) calculated from statistical analysis (LI=0.08) is much lower than 1 which indicates that mild steel did not corroded locally. However, LI value is still higher than $1x10^{-3}$ and this indicates that mild steel corroded locally in microscopic point of view.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.550-554
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• 2002

The effect of Mn on cavitation erosion resistance and the sliding wear resistance of Fe-base hardfacing NewAlloy was investigated. Mn is known to decrease stacking fault energy and enhance the formation of $\varepsilon$-martensite. Cavitation erosion resistance for 50 hours and sliding wear resistance for 100 cycles were evaluated by weight loss. Fe-base hardfacing NewAlloy showed more excellent cavitation erosion resistance than Mn-added NewAlloys. $\Upsilon-\alpha$' phase transformation that can enhance erosion resistance by matrix hardening occurred in every specimens. But, only in Mn free Fe-base hardfacing NewAlloy, the hardened matrix could repress the propagation of cracks that was initialed at the matrix-carbides interfaces more effectively than Mn-added NewAlloy The Mn free Fe-base hardfacing NewAlloy showed better sliding wear resistance than Mn-added alloys. Mn-addition up to 5wt.% couldn't increase the sliding wear and cavitation erosion resistance of Fe-base hardfacing alloy because it didn't make $\Upsilon\to\varepsilon$ martensite phase transformation. Therefore, it is considered that the cavitation erosion and the sliding wear resistance can be improved due to $\Upsilon\to\varepsilon$ martensite phase transformation when Mn is added more than 5wt.% in Fe-base hardfacing alloys.

• Annals of Laboratory Medicine
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.545-554
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• 2018

Background: The increasing morbidity and mortality rates associated with Acinetobacter baumannii are due to the emergence of drug resistance and the limited treatment options. We compared characteristics of colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) clinical isolates recovered from patients with and without prior colistin treatment. We assessed whether prior colistin treatment affects the resistance mechanism of CR-AB isolates, mortality rates, and clinical characteristics. Additionally, a proper method for identifying CR-AB was determined. Methods: We collected 36 non-duplicate CR-AB clinical isolates resistant to colistin. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Sanger sequencing analysis, molecular typing, lipid A structure analysis, and in vitro synergy testing were performed. Eleven colistin-susceptible AB isolates were used as controls. Results: Despite no differences in clinical characteristics between patients with and without prior colistin treatment, resistance-causing genetic mutations were more frequent in isolates from colistin-treated patients. Distinct mutations were overlooked via the Sanger sequencing method, perhaps because of a masking effect by the colistin-susceptible AB subpopulation of CR-AB isolates lacking genetic mutations. However, modified lipid A analysis revealed colistin resistance peaks, despite the population heterogeneity, and peak levels were significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: Although prior colistin use did not induce clinical or susceptibility differences, we demonstrated that identification of CR-AB by sequencing is insufficient. We propose that population heterogeneity has a masking effect, especially in colistin non-treated patients; therefore, accurate testing methods reflecting physiological alterations of the bacteria, such as phosphoethanolamine-modified lipid A identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight, should be employed.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2019

In this study, we aim to analyze the effects of both contact layer properties and surface roughness on contact resistance. The contact has a great influence on performance in terms of electrical conduction and heat transfer. The two biggest factors determining contact resistance are the presence of surface roughness and the surface layer. For this reason we calculated the contact resistance by considering both factors simultaneously. The model of this study to calculate contact resistance is as follows. First, the three representative surface parameters for the GW model are obtained by Nayak's random process. Then, the apparent contact area, real contact area, and contact number of asperities are calculated using the GW model with the surface parameters. The contact resistance of a single surface layer is calculated using Mikic's constriction equation. The total contact resistance is approximated by the parallel connection between the same asperity contact resistances. The results of this study are as follows. The appropriate thickness with reduction effect for contact resistance is determined according to the difference in conductivity between the base layer and surface layer. It was confirmed that the standard deviation of surface roughness has the greatest influence on surface roughness parameters. The results of this study will be useful for selecting the surface material and surface roughness when the design considering the contact resistance is needed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.220-228
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• 2018

The internal resistance of microbial fuel cell (MFC) using stainless steel skein for oxidizing electrode was investigated and the factors affecting the voltage generation were identified. We also investigated the effect of power management system (PMS) on the usability for MFC and the removal efficiency of organic pollutants. The performance of a stack microbial fuel cell connected with (PMS) or PMS+LED was analyzed by the voltage generation and organic matter reduction. The maximum power density of the unit cells was found to be $5.82W/m^3$ at $200{\Omega}$. The maximum current density was $47.53A/m^3$ without power overshoot even under $1{\Omega}$. The ohmic resistance ($R_s$) and the charge transfer resistance ($R_{ct}$) of the oxidation electrode using stainless steel skein electrode, were $0.56{\Omega}$ and $0.02{\Omega}$, respectively. However, the sum of internal resistance for reduction electrode using graphite felts loaded Pt/C catalyst was $6.64{\Omega}$. Also, in order to understand the internal resistance, the current interruption method was used by changing the external resistance as $50{\Omega}$, $300{\Omega}$, $5k{\Omega}$. It has been shown that the ohm resistance ($R_s$) decreased with the external resistance. In the case of a series-connected microbial fuel cell, the reversal phenomenon occurred even though two cells having the similar performance. However, the output of the PMS constantly remained for 20 hours even when voltage reversal occurred. Also the removal ability of organic pollutants (SCOD) was not reduced. As a result of this study, it was found that buffering effect for a certain period of time when the voltage reversal occurred during the operation of the microbial fuel cell did not have a serious effect on the energy loss or the operation of the microbial fuel cell.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.5-19
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• 2010

본 연구는 가압식 압축형 지반앵커의 실내모형 챔버시험, 현장시험을 통해 가압그라우팅이 지반앵커의 인발저항력에 미치는 영향을 고찰하고 현장 군앵커 인발시험을 통해 압축형 지반앵커의 군효과 특성을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 3가지 시료에 대한 실내시험 결과, 가압그라우팅으로 인한 앵커체의 직경 증가량은 시험값과 공동팽창 이론에 의한 값이 대체적으로 일치하였다. 또한 지반의 투수계수에 따른 가압 그라우팅 최소 주입시간을 제안하였다. 현장시험 결과 가압그라우팅으로 인한 앵커체의 직경 증가, 구근 표면 거칠기 증가, 인발저항력 증가의 효과는 SPT-N치가 작은 상대적으로 연약한 지반에서 가압 그라우팅의 효과가 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 SPT-N치가 50이상인 지반에서는 가압그라우팅의 효과를 기대할 수 없는 것을 확인하였다. 현장시험결과를 바탕으로 단위극한주면마찰력 산정식을 지반의 SPT-N치에 대한 함수로 제안하였다. 또한 현장 군앵커 인발시험 결과를 바탕으로 앵커간격과 영향원추반경의 비 및 앵커간격과 천공직경의 비의 2가지 형태로 압축형 지반앵커에 적합한 군효과 저감률 산정식을 제안하였다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2014년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.230-231
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• 2014

This study is concerned with the root penetration resistance competence and constructability of a waterproofing and root penetration resistance layer of an eco-bridge which is applied with various types of seeding. For the review of root penetration resistance competence, the competence was tested using herbs, woody plants, and tall trees. As a result, there was no tear of or damage to the waterproofing and root penetration resistance layer as well as the sweeping-down phenomenon of a waterproofing and root penetration resistance layer by soil. Also, the effect of the root growth of herbs, woody plants, and tall trees on the root penetration resistance system was confirmed.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2019

[Purpose] Recent studies suggest that ursolic acid (UA) is a potential candidate for a resistance exercise mimetic that can increase muscle mass and alleviate the deleterious effect of skeletal muscle atrophy on bone health. However, these studies evaluated the effects of UA on skeletal muscle and bone tissues, and they have not verified whether such effect could occur concurrently on muscle and bone, as is the case with resistance exercise. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of UA injection on muscle mass and bone microstructure using an animal model of atrophy to demonstrate the potential of UA as a resistance exercise mimetic. [Methods] The immobilization (IM) method was used on the left hindlimb of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats for 10 days to induce muscle atrophy, whereas the right hindlimb was used as an internal control (IC). The animal models were divided into two groups, SED (sedentary, n=6) and UA (n=6) to demonstrate the effect of UA on atrophic skeletal muscles. The UA group received a daily intraperitoneal injection of UA (5 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. After 10 days of IM, the data collected for the IC were compared with that of IM to determine whether muscle atrophy might occur. [Results] Muscle atrophy was induced and bone mineral density (BMD) decreased significantly. The 8-week UA treatment significantly increased the gastrocnemius muscle mass compared to the SED group. In regard to the effect of UA on bones, negative results such as a decrease in BMD, trabecular bone volume fraction, and trabecular number, and an increase in trabecular separation, were observed in the SED group, but no such difference was observed in the UA group. No significant difference was observed in atrophic hindlimbs between SED and UA groups. [Conclusion] These results alone are insufficient to suggest that UA is a potential resistance exercise mimetic for atrophic skeletal muscle and weakened bone. However, this study will help determine the potential of UA as a resistance exercise mimetic.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.544-549
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of myricetin on adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers in mice with diet-induced insulin resistance. MATERIALS/METHODS: Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a basal diet, a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet, or the HFHS diet containing 0.06% myricetin or 0.12% myricetin for 12 weeks after a 1-week adaptation, and body weight and food intake were monitored. After sacrifice, serum lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, adipocyte-derived hormones, and proinflammatory cytokines were measured. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined. RESULTS: Myricetin given at 0.12% of the total diet significantly reduced body weight, weight gain, and epidydimal white adipose tissue weight, and improved hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia without a significant influence on food intake in mice fed the HFHS diet. Serum glucose and insulin levels, as well as HOMA-IR values, decreased significantly by 0.12% myricetin supplementation in mice fed the HFHS diet. Myricetin given at 0.12% of the total diet significantly reduced serum levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mice fed the HFHS diet. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that myricetin may have a protective effect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice fed HFHS diet, and that alleviation of insulin resistance could partly occur by improving obesity and reducing serum proinflammatory cytokine levels.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) and lateral (90$^{\circ}$) direction resistance, with using an elastic band, on the electromyographic(EMG) activity ratio of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and the vastus lateralis (VL) during squat exercise. Methods: The study subjects were 19 active people with no history of patellofemoral pain, limitation of range of motion or pain when performing squat exercise. A 'repeated measures within subjects' design was used. The subjects were asked to perform three repetitions of a 90$^{\circ}$ knee flexion squat exercise with anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) and lateral (90$^{\circ}$) resistance and without resistance, respectively. The EMG activity of the VMO and VL were recorded by surface EMG electrodes and the results were normalized by the % MVIC value. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA's revealed that squat exercise with anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) resistance produced significantly greater VMO/VL EMG activity ratio than that with lateral (90$^{\circ}$) resistance and without resistance (p=.013). Yet the result of contrast testing revealed that squat exercise with lateral (90$^{\circ}$) resistance showed no significant difference of the VMO/VL EMG activity ratio, as compared with squat exercise without resistance (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that squat exercise combining anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) resistance can contribute positively to the patients with patellofemoral pain as they increase the VMO/VL EMG activity ratio.