• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2001

Ultrasonic travel-times obtained with the LCR ultrasonic technique have shown an ability to distinguish among three aluminum plates. The 244$\times$150mm thick, but differ in heat treatment. One is fully annealed, the second is quenched and then tempered, and the third is heat-treated to T651 plate, as received plate. Travel-times were obtained at four locations on each side of all plates. The data for both sides of each plate clearly are in very close agreement except location 1 of each plate. In order to show travel-time variation throughout the plate areas, the average travel-time for both sides of each plate were calculated. For Plate 1, the travel-time data were the highest and the data of Plate, the travel-time data were the highest and the data of Plate 2 were upper than Plate 3. Finally, the residual stresses for each plate were measured by X-ray diffraction method. The results showed a good relation. These preliminary results indicate that the LCR Ultrasonic Technique may be not only further developed for use in quality control in the manufacture of rolled aluminum plates but also industry.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.4957-4976
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• 2016

This paper investigates the error performance of the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying systems in the context of full-duplex (FD) communication. In addition to the inherent self-interference (SI) due to simultaneous transmission and reception, coexistent FD terminals may cause crosstalk. In this paper, we utilize the information exchange via the crosstalk channel to construct a particular distributed space-time code (DSTC). The residual SI is also considered. Closed-form pairwise error probability (PEP) is first derived. Then we obtain the upper bound of PEP in high transmit power region to provide more insights of diversity and coding gain. The proposed DSTC scheme can attain full cooperative diversity if the variance of SI is not a function of the transmit power. The coding gain can be improved by lengthening the frame and proper power control. Feasibility and efficiency of the proposed DSTC are verified in numerical simulations.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.717-725
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• 2005

The adaptive filter is proposed for the INS/GPS. The proposed filter can estimate the variance of the process noise using the residual of the filter. To verify the efficiency of the adaptive filter, it is applied to the loosely-coupled INS/CPS that employs the additive quaternion error model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed filter is more effective in estimating the attitude error than EKF.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.737-744
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• 2016

For electrolysis process using an insoluble electrode, electrochemical performance was greatly affected by the manufacturing method and procedure, such as the firing temperature, pre-treatment, type of precursor solution, coating method, electrode material, etc. Components of the electrode therein is one of the most important factors in electrochemical reaction. To achieve such characteristics, a appropriate ratio of the electrode material should be carefully chosen. The aim of this research was to apply experimental design method in the optimization of electrode component for the maximum generation of oxidants in electrochemical oxidation process. Mixture design, especially expanded simplex lattice design, in DOME (design of mixture experiments) with Design Expert - commercial software - was used to analyze the data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination ($R^2$) value of 0.9470, thus ensuring a satisfactory adjustment of the $3^{rd}$ order special cubic regression model with the experimental data. The application of response surface methodology (RSM) yielded the following regression equation, which is an empirical relationship between the TRO generation concentration and independent variables(mol ratio of 3 electrode components) in a real unit: TRO generation concentration $(mg/L)=TRO\;conc.=98.25{\times}[Ir]+49.71{\times}[Sn]+95.29{\times}[Sb]-16.91{\times}[Ir]{\times}[Sn]-29.47{\times}[Ir]{\times}[Sb]-22.65{\times}[Sn]{\times}[Sb]+703.19{\times}[Ir]{\times}[Sn]{\times}[Sb]$. The optimized formulation of the 3 component electrode for an high TRO (total residual oxidants) generation was acquired at mol ratio of Ir 0.406, Sn 0.210, Sb 0.384 (desirability d value, 1).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1682-1687
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of milk protein yields in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle. A total of 1,112,082 test-day milk protein yield records of 167,269 first lactation Holstein cows, calved from 1990 to 2010, were analyzed. Estimates of the variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations for milk protein yields were obtained using a random regression test-day model. Milking times, herd, age of recording, year, and month of recording were included as fixed effects in the model. Additive genetic and permanent environmental random effects for the lactation curve were taken into account by applying orthogonal Legendre polynomials of the fourth order in the model. The lowest and highest additive genetic variances were estimated at the beginning and end of lactation, respectively. Permanent environmental variance was higher at both extremes. Residual variance was lowest at the middle of the lactation and contrarily, heritability increased during this period. Maximum heritability was found during the 12th lactation stage ($0.213{\pm}0.007$). Genetic, permanent, and phenotypic correlations among test-days decreased as the interval between consecutive test-days increased. A relatively large data set was used in this study; therefore, the estimated (co)variance components for random regression coefficients could be used for national genetic evaluation of dairy cattle in Iran.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.471-481
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• 2021

Objective: A comprehensive study was conducted to study the effects of partition of variance on accuracy of genetic parameters and genetic trends of economic traits in Vanaraja male line/project directorate-1 (PD-1) chicken. Methods: Variance component analysis utilizing restricted maximum likelihood animal model was carried out with five generations data to delineate the population status, direct additive, maternal genetic, permanent environmental effects, besides genetic trends and performance of economic traits in PD-1 chickens. Genetic trend was estimated by regression of the estimated average breeding values (BV) on generations. Results: The body weight (BW) and shank length (SL) varied significantly (p≤0.01) among the generations, hatches and sexes. The least squares mean of SL at six weeks, the primary trait was 77.44±0.05 mm. All the production traits, viz., BWs, age at sexual maturity, egg production (EP) and egg weight were significantly influenced by generation. Model four with additive, maternal permanent environmental and residual effects was the best model for juvenile growth traits, except for zero-day BW. The heritability estimates for BW and SL at six weeks (SL6) were 0.20±0.03 and 0.17±0.03, respectively. The BV of SL6 in the population increased linearly from 0.03 to 3.62 mm due to selection. Genetic trend was significant (p≤0.05) for SL6, BW6, and production traits. The average genetic gain of EP40 for each generation was significant (p≤0.05) with an average increase of 0.38 eggs per generation. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.02 in PD-1 line. Conclusion: The population was in ideal condition with negligible inbreeding and the selection was quite effective with significant genetic gains in each generation for primary trait of selection. The animal model minimized the over-estimation of genetic parameters and improved the accuracy of the BV, thus enabling the breeder to select the suitable breeding strategy for genetic improvement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.228-230
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• 2002

The relative electron density resolution was discussed by the noise power spectrum (NPS) in the heavy ion CT image. The heavy ion beam $\^$12/C accelerated up to 400MeV/u by RIMAC was used in this study. The two-dimensional (2-D) NPS in the CT image was obtained from the one-dimensional (1-D) NPS of the measured residual range distribution of water phantom for single projection, and the noise variance in the CT image was calculated from 2-D NPS. The technique used in the reconstruction was the filtered back-projection method with Shepp-Logan filter. The calculated value suggests the result of our previous works using the density resolution phantom, assuming that the relative electron density resolution is twice the standard deviation. Therefore, the estimation of the noise in CT images by 2-D NPS obtained the measured residual range distribution is the useful method.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-278
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• 2022

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) is a low carbon alternative to conventional cement. Literature shows that using limestone and calcined clay in LC³ increases the thermal degradation of LC³ pastes and can increase the magnitude of fire risk in LC³ concrete structures. Higher thermal degradation of LC³ paste prompts this study toward understanding the fire performance of LC³ concrete and the associated magnitude of fire risk. For fire performance, concrete prepared using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), pozzolanic Portland cement (PPC) and LC³ were exposed to 16 scenarios of different elevated temperatures (400℃, 600℃, 800℃, and 1000℃) for different durations (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h). After exposure to elevated temperatures, mass loss, residual ultrasonic pulse velocity (rUPV) and residual compressive strength (rCS) were measured as the residual properties of concrete. XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and three-factor ANOVA (analysis of variance) are also used to compare the fire performance of LC³ with OPC and PPC. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to assess the magnitude of fire risk in LC³ structures and devise recommendations for the robust application of LC³. Results show that LC³ concrete has weaker fire performance, with average rCS being 11.06% and 1.73% lower than OPC and PPC concrete. Analysis of 106 fire scenarios, in Indian context, shows lower rCS and higher failure probability for LC³ (95.05%, 2.22%) than OPC (98.16%, 0.22%) and PPC (96.48%, 1.14%). For robust application, either LC³ can be restricted to residential and educational structures (failure probability <0.5%), or LC³ can have reserve strength (factor of safety >1.08).

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1155-1163
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• 2016

This paper deals with an estimation procedure of variance components in a mixed effects model by projections. Projections are used to obtain sums of squares instead of using reductions in sums of squares due to fitting both the assumed model and sub-models in the fitting constants method. A projection matrix can be obtained for the residual model at each step by a stepwise procedure to test the hypotheses. A weighted least squares method is used for the estimation of fixed effects. Satterthwaite's approximation is done for the confidence intervals for variance components.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2009

Noise estimation and suppression are a crucial factor of many speech communication and recognition systems. In this paper, proposed algorithm is based on the ratio of variance normalized of noisy power spectrum in time-frequency domain. Our proposed algorithm tracks the threshold and controls the trade-off between residual noise and distortion. This algorithm is evaluated by the ITU-T P.835 signal distortion (SIG) and segment signal to noise ratio (SNR), and is superior to the conventional methods.