• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2017

고체 추진기관이 노즐마개에 의해 외기와의 교환이 완벽히 차단된다면, 구조적 안정성은 제작초기 조건인 내부조성간의 잔류반응(Post Cure, Migration etc.), 그리고 자유공간 내의 산소(또는 산화방지제)와 습기(제습제)와의 반응에 종속된다. 이로부터 발생하는 혼합형 고체추진제의 기계적 특성은 매우 복잡하며, 추진기관은 발사직전까지 일교차/년교차의 끊임없는 열하중을 받게 된다. 본 연구에서는 고체 추진기관의 제조공정인 성형오븐에서 출고 후 저장안정화까지의 거동을 고체추진제의 열유변학적 단순특성을 적용하여 신속하게 산출할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 온도제어 가능한 Endurance Test 장치를 고안 제작하였으며, 추가적으로 점진적 응력과 변형율 증가에 따른 비선형 특성도 검토한다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.502-510
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• 2018

In order to accumulate data to lower the friction coefficient of a press mold, tribological tests were performed before and after coating SM45C with a PVC/PO film and plasma coating (CrN, concept). The ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM)-treated material had a nano-size surface texture, high surface hardness, and large and deep compressive residual stress formation. Even when the load was doubled, the small amount of abrasion, small weight of the abrasion, and width and depth of the abrasion did not increase as much as those of untreated materials. A comparison of the weight change before and after the tribological test with the CrN and the concept coating material and that of the untreated material showed that the wear loss of the concept coating material and P-UNSM treated material (that is, the UNSM treated material treated with the concept coating) showed a tendency to decrease by approximately 55-75%. Concept 100N had a lower friction coefficient of about 0.6, and P-UNSM-30-100N showed almost the same curve as concept 100N and had a low coefficient of friction of about 0.6. The concept multilayer coating had a thickness of $5.32{\mu}m$. In the beginning, the coefficient of friction decreased because of the plasma coating, but it started to increase from about 250-300 s. After about 350 s, the coefficient of friction tended to approach the friction coefficient of the SM45C base metal. The SGV-280F film-attached test specimen was slightly pushed back and forth, but the SM45C base material was not exposed due to abrasion. The friction coefficient was 0.22, which was the lowest, and the tribological property was the best in this study.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권4호
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• pp.441-461
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• 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are crucial in building structures and they are of higher vulnerability to terrorist threat than any other structural elements. Thus it is of great interest and necessity to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the possible responses of RC columns when exposed to high intensive blast loads. The primary objective of this study is to derive analytical formulas to assess vulnerability of RC columns using an advanced numerical modelling approach. This investigation is necessary as the effect of blast loads would be minimal to the RC structure if the explosive charge is located at the safe standoff distance from the main columns in the building and therefore minimizes the chance of disastrous collapse of the RC columns. In the current research, finite element model is developed for RC columns using LS-DYNA program that includes a comprehensive discussion of the material models, element formulation, boundary condition and loading methods. Numerical model is validated to aid in the study of RC column testing against the explosion field test results. Residual capacity of RC column is selected as damage criteria. Intensive investigations using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) methodology are then implemented to evaluate the influence of scaled distance, column dimension, concrete and steel reinforcement properties and axial load index on the vulnerability of RC columns. The generated empirical formulae can be used by the designers to predict a damage degree of new column design when consider explosive loads. With an extensive knowledge on the vulnerability assessment of RC structures under blast explosion, advancement to the convention design of structural elements can be achieved to improve the column survivability, while reducing the lethality of explosive attack and in turn providing a safer environment for the public.

• Composites Research
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 복합재료 팬 블레이드 도브테일 요소의 인장하중에 따른 점진적 파손거동을 유한요소 시뮬레이션을 통한 수치적 연구를 수행하고, 인장시험을 통하여 정확도를 검증한다. 도브테일 요소는 터보 팬 엔진의 팬 블레이드를 디스크와 결합시키는 조인트의 하나로, 통상 티타늄 등의 금속 재료로 제작되나 경량화 등의 이유로 복합재료의 적용이 연구되고 있다. 하지만 복합재료를 이용한 팬 블레이드 제조과정에서 드롭오프 플라이(Drop-off ply), 수지 포켓(resin pocket) 등의 제조 결함이 필연적으로 발생한다. 이러한 제조 결함이 복합재료 팬 블레이드 도브테일 요소에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 유한요소모델을 이용한 수치해석을 수행하여 예측 결과와 인장시험 결과를 비교 분석한다. 이때 층간분리(delamination) 거동을 모사 가능한 응집영역 모델을 적용하였다. 결론적으로, 열 잔류응력 및 두께방향 압축하중에 의한 계면 물성 강화 효과를 고려하여 유한요소 해석결과와 시험결과 간의 높은 상사성을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2021

Ceramic coatings with high hardness and excellent chemical stability have been successfully applied to various machine elements, tools, and implants. However, in the case of monolayer coating on soft substrates, a high-stress concentration at the interface between the coating and the substrate causes delamination of the coating layer. Recently, to overcome this problem, multilayer coatings with a metal layer with a low modulus of elasticity added between the ceramic and the substrate have been widely applied. This study presents the third part of a recent study and focuses on the effect of the number of coating layers on the Brinell hardness of multilayered coating with TiN/Ti, following the two previous studies on a new Brinell hardness test method for a coated surface and on the influence of substrate and coating thickness. Indentation analyses are performed using finite element analysis software, von Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain distributions, load-displacement curves, and residual indentation shapes are presented. The number of TiN/Ti layers considerably affect the stress distributions and indentation shapes. Moreover, the greater the number of TiN/Ti layers, the higher is the Brinell hardness. The stress and plastic strain distributions confirm that the multilayer coatings improve the wear resistance. The results are expected to be used to design and evaluate various coating systems, and additional study is required.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.269-287
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• 2023

The WGJ420 fire-resistant weathering (FRW) steel is developed and manufactured with standard yield strength of 420 MPa at room temperature, which is expected to significantly enhance the performance of steel structures with excellent fire and corrosion resistances, strong seismic capacity, high strength and ductility, good resilience and robustness. In this paper, the mechanical properties of FRW steel plates and buckling behavior of columns are investigated through tests at elevated temperatures. The stress-strain curves, mechanical properties of FRW steel such as modulus of elasticity, proof strength, tensile strength, as well as corresponding reduction factors are obtained and discussed. The recommended constitutive model based on the Ramberg-Osgood relationship, as well as the relevant formulas for mechanical properties are proposed, which provide fundamental mechanical parameters and references. A total of 12 FRW steel welded I-section columns with different slenderness ratios and buckling load ratios are tested under standard fire to understand the global buckling behavior in-depth. The influences of boundary conditions on the buckling failure modes as well as the critical temperatures are also investigated. In addition, the temperature distributions at different sections/locations of the columns are obtained. It is found that the buckling deformation curve can be divided into four stages: initial expansion stage, stable stage, compression stage and failure stage. The fire test results concluded that the residual buckling capacities of FRW steel columns are substantially higher than the conventional steel columns at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the numerical results show good agreement with the fire test results in terms of the critical temperature and maximum axial elongation. Finally, the critical temperatures between the numerical results and various code/standard curves (GB 51249, Eurocode 3, AS 4100, BS 5950 and AISC) are compared and verified both in the buckling resistance domain and in the temperature domain. It is demonstrated that the FRW steel columns have sufficient safety redundancy for fire resistance when they are designed according to current codes or standards.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2022

Steam assisted gravity drainage(SAGD) is a process that drills well in the underground oil sands layer, injects hightemperature steam, lowers the viscosity of buried bitumen, and recovers it to the ground. Recently, direct contact steam generator(DCSG) is being developed to maximize steam efficiency for SAGD process. The DCSG requires high technology to achieve pressurized combustion and steam generation in accordance with underground pressurized conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a combustion technology that can control the heat load and exhaust gas composition. In this study, process analysis of high-pressurized DCSG was conducted to apply oxygen enrichment technology in which nitrogen of the air was partially removed for increasing steam production and reducing fuel consumption. As the process analysis conditions, methane as the fuel and normal air or oxygen enriched air as the oxidizing agent were applied to high-pressurized DCSG process model. A simple combustion reaction program was used to calculate the property variations for combustion temperature, steam ratio and residual heat in exhaust gas. As a major results, the steam production efficiency of DCSG using the pure oxygen was about 6% higher than that of the normal air due to the reducing nitrogen in the air. The results of this study will be used as operating data to test the demonstration device.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.83-100
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• 2022

Timber is one of the few natural, renewable building materials and glulam is a type of engineering wood product. In the present work, timber-based braces are applied for retrofitting midrise Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) using two types of timber base braces (Timber base glulam, and hybrid Timber-Steel-BRB) as alternatives for retrofitting by traditional steel bracings. The improving effects of adding the bracings to the SMRF on seismic characteristics of the frame are evaluated using load-bearing capacity, energy dissipation, and story drifts of the frame. For evaluating the retrofitting effects on the seismic performance of SMRF, a five-story SMRF is considered unretofitted and retrofitted with steel-hollow structural section (HSS) brace, Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) brace, and hybrid Timber-Steel BRB. Using OpenSees structural analyzer, the performance are investigated under pushover, cyclic, and incremental loading. Results showed that steel-HSS, timber base Glulam, and hybrid timber-steel BRB braces have more significant roles in energy dissipation, increasing stiffness, changing capacity curves, reducing inter-story drifts, and reducing the weight of the frames, compared by steel bracing. Results showed that Hybrid BRB counteract the negative post-yield stiffness, so their use is more beneficial on buildings where P-Delta effects are more critical. It is found that the repair costs of the buildings with hybrid BRB will be less due to lower residual drifts. As a result, timber steel-BRB has the best energy dissipation and seismic performance due to symmetrical and stable hysteresis curves of buckling restrained braces that can experience the same capacities in tension and compression.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2022

In order to investigate the damage evolution law of rock specimens under cyclic loading, cyclic loading tests under constant loads with different amplitudes were carried out on limestone specimens with high strength and brittleness values using acoustic emission (AE) technology and the energy evolution and AE characteristics were evaluated. Based on dissipated energy density and AE counts, the damage variable of specimen was characterized and two damage evolution processes were analyzed and compared. The obtained results showed that the change of AE counts was closely related to radial deformation. Higher cyclic loading values result in more significant radial strain of limestone specimen and larger accumulative AE counts of cyclic loading segment, which indicated Felicity effect. Regarding dissipated energy density, the damage of limestone specimen was defined without considering the influence of radial deformation, which made the damage value of cyclic loading segment higher at lower amplitude loads. The damage of cyclic loading segment was increased with the magnitude of load. When dissipated energy density was applied to define damage, the damage value at unloading segment was smaller than that of AE counts. Under higher cyclic loading values, rocks show obvious damage during both loading and unloading processes. Therefore, during deep rock excavation, the damages caused by the deformation recovery of unloading rocks could not be ignored when considering the damage caused by abutment pressure.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2024

제진 구조는 댐퍼라는 장치를 구조물에 장착시켜 지진에너지를 소산하는 내진설계이다. 지진피해를 저감하고자 하는 연구가 성행하고 있는 가운데 제진 구조는 댐퍼의 재료, 형상을 변경함으로써 기술을 발전시켜왔다. 하지만 댐퍼의 특성상 에너지를 소산하기 위해 재료에 발생하는 소성변형은 피할 수 없는 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 발생한 변형를 스스로 회복할 수 있는 초탄성 형상기억합금(Superelastic shape memory alloy, SSMA)을 활용하여 반영구적으로 사용할 수 있고 추가적인 긴장력을 적용하여 구조적 성능을 향상한 장수명 댐퍼를 제안하였다. 장수명 댐퍼의 거동 특성 분석을 위해 재료, 와이어 직경, 긴장력 유무의 설계 변수에 따라 유한요소해석을 진행하였고 응답 거동을 도출하여 하중 저항, 에너지 소산, 잔류변위 등의 특성을 분석하여 장수명 댐퍼의 성능적 우수성을 입증하였다.