• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.263-278
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• 2022

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) is a low carbon alternative to conventional cement. Literature shows that using limestone and calcined clay in LC³ increases the thermal degradation of LC³ pastes and can increase the magnitude of fire risk in LC³ concrete structures. Higher thermal degradation of LC³ paste prompts this study toward understanding the fire performance of LC³ concrete and the associated magnitude of fire risk. For fire performance, concrete prepared using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), pozzolanic Portland cement (PPC) and LC³ were exposed to 16 scenarios of different elevated temperatures (400℃, 600℃, 800℃, and 1000℃) for different durations (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h). After exposure to elevated temperatures, mass loss, residual ultrasonic pulse velocity (rUPV) and residual compressive strength (rCS) were measured as the residual properties of concrete. XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and three-factor ANOVA (analysis of variance) are also used to compare the fire performance of LC³ with OPC and PPC. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to assess the magnitude of fire risk in LC³ structures and devise recommendations for the robust application of LC³. Results show that LC³ concrete has weaker fire performance, with average rCS being 11.06% and 1.73% lower than OPC and PPC concrete. Analysis of 106 fire scenarios, in Indian context, shows lower rCS and higher failure probability for LC³ (95.05%, 2.22%) than OPC (98.16%, 0.22%) and PPC (96.48%, 1.14%). For robust application, either LC³ can be restricted to residential and educational structures (failure probability <0.5%), or LC³ can have reserve strength (factor of safety >1.08).

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2020년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.222-223
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• 2020

Recently, as the era of economic cooperation on the Korean Peninsula approaches, the role of the building sector, such as humanitarian reorganization of North Korean housing, is increasing. The purpose of this study is to find out the current location of North Korean housing standards through the North Korean Housing Survey. For the survey, a survey was conducted through 79 North Korean defectors. The main construction methods of North Korean housing are reinforced concrete, steel framed, wooden framed, masonry, and reinforced concrete walled and prefabricated. The residential environment satisfaction items consist of durability, waterproof, heating, ventilation, heat insulation, air tightness, mining, soundproofing, disaster safety, fire safety, and crime prevention. The result is as follows. The housing construction method in North Korea, which lived at that time, consisted of 21 people (30.88%) of reinforced concrete frames, 18 people (26.47%) of wooden frames, 17 people (25%) of masonry walls, 5 people of prefabricated structures (7.35%), and reinforced concrete. Two people (2.94%) were walled. Among these, the wooden frame type had the lowest satisfaction level for each item, and the reinforced concrete had a high level of dissatisfaction in the items of heating, confidentiality, and disaster safety, and the other item had a high level of satisfaction. The masonry wall type has a relatively high satisfaction level in terms of insulation, confidentiality, mining, and disaster safety.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2021

The door open time, resulting from occupants evacuating from apartments, is an important parameter when assessing the performance of smoke ventilation systems in high-rise apartment buildings. However, the values recommended in UK design guidance appear to have limited substantiation. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out considering variabilities in door swing time, flow rate and number of occupants. It has been found that the door open time can be represented by a lognormal distribution with a mean of 6.6, 8.7 and 11.1 s and a standard deviation of 1.7, 3.2 and 4.7 s for one, two and three-bedroom apartments, respectively. For deterministic analyses, it is proposed that the 95th percentile values may be adopted in line with recommended practice for other fire safety design parameters such as fuel load density and soot yield, giving door open times of 10 s to 19 s, depending on the number of bedrooms.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.479-482
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is a proposal about the flexibility of the performance category to revitalize the "Housing Performance Grading Indication System". This system consists of 5 main performance parts, 14 performance categories and 20 detailed performance lists. 5 main performance parts are Noise and Acoustics(Light-weight impact sound control, heavy-weight impact sound control, sound control of toilet, sound control of party wall), Long-life(flexibility, remodeling & maintenance, durability), Landscape & Indoor Environment(landscape, formaldehyde control& ventilation, daylighting, thermal environment), Welfare & Barrier-free(playground and community center, welfare space, barrier-free design), Fire Safety(fire safety, safe place, fire-resisting quality). The flexibility of the performance category is conformed to Long-life housing related grading and can realize the Long-life housing in response to resident needs about the space rearrangement. Now, The flexibility of the performance category is limited to the evaluation of the private space, that is, the Skeleton evaluation. This study would suggest alternatives to improve uppermost limits through analyzing 60 examples from January 9th 2009 to October 30th 2008. The flexibility of the performance category is possible to estimate not only the Skeleton evaluation but also the Infill evaluation in response to social changes.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2023년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.27-28
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• 2023

Currently, the Off-Site Construction (OSC) construction method, which emphasizes the minimization of field work, is being emphasized at construction sites due to the lack of construction skilled manpower, extreme weather, and the Severe Disaster Punishment Act. In this study, we developed a stacked PC modular, which is a method of stacking PC modules, and solved the lifting problem by reducing the weight of the unit module, which is emerging as the biggest disadvantage of PC modules, to around 20 tons. For the connection between modules, structural safety was secured through repeated history tests of the wall and slab connection. Walls and slabs satisfied all statutory fire resistance times through fire resistance tests, and residential performance was evaluated to be satisfactory through mock-up demonstration. The developed PC modular has been applied to the construction of commercial houses, detached houses, shopping malls, churches, etc., and has design results for many buildings such as dormitories, detached houses with 4 floors or more, and resorts, so it is expected that an atmosphere of revitalization of construction methods will be created.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2006년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.381-386
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• 2006

This study is to research application cases of domestic ventilation system for developing ventilation system which is energy-saving and improve Indoor Air Quality and to research application possibility of foreign hybrid ventilation system. This is a basic research data of developing ventilation system for energy saying and improving indoor quality which that research the function and a feature of the ventilation system which is applied in five domestic skyscrapers over 30 floors, and research application instances and features of foreign hybrid ventilation system.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to verify the safety in case of fire and change of residential environment for different wall construction approaches in a stairways apartment house. In order to confirm that case_1, which is current case that most of wall is opened and the case 2, which upper part of wall is limitedly opened are compared and analyzed based on simulations of fire, escape and natural ventilation performance. The analysis reveals that possible escape time for case 1 was more than 600 seconds and for case 2 was 195 seconds. Since the escape times for both cases were over 128 seconds, it would be reasonable to assume that every resident would escape. The simulation results on natural ventilation performance shows the air change per hour of case 1 and case 2 were .19n/h and .16n/h and there was 1.2 times difference. However, the difference was too insignificant and it could be seen as that different approaches on wall construction would not significantly influence on natural ventilation performance.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.91-118
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• 2019

Every year, many people are severely injured or lose their lives in accidents such as fire, chemical spill, public pandemonium, school shooting, and workplace violence. Research indicates that the fate of people in an emergency situation involving one or more hazards depends not only on the design of the space (e.g., residential building, industrial facility, shopping mall, sports stadium, school, concert hall) in which the incident occurs, but also on a host of other factors including but not limited to (a) occupants' characteristics, (b) level of familiarity with and cognition of the surroundings, and (c) effectiveness of hazard intervention systems. In this paper, we present EVAQ, a simulation framework for modeling large crowd evacuation by taking into account occupants' behaviors and interactions during an emergency. In particular, human's personal (i.e., age, gender, disability) and interpersonal (i.e., group behavior and interactions) attributes are parameterized in a hazard-impacted environment. In addition, different hazard types (e.g., fire, lone wolf attacker) and propagation patterns, as well as intervention schemes (simulating building repellent systems, firefighters, law enforcement) are modeled. Next, the application of EVAQ to crowd egress planning in an airport terminal under human attack, and a shopping mall in fire emergency are presented and results are discussed. Finally, a validation test is performed using real world data from a past building fire incident to assess the reliability and integrity of EVAQ in comparison with existing evacuation modeling tools.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.161-175
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• 2001

This study researched the interrelation between the development of the middle school student\` personality and their residential environments on 406 middle school students. The purpose of this research were to suggest a better residential environment as a desirable educational condition for making juveniles\` sound self-realization. The results of this research were as follows. 1. According to the their parents\` social status on middle school students\` personality the students. especially their parents had a service and technical expert official job of a better academic career showed an excellent score in personality. 2. According to the relation between the residential environment on their personality. it was said that the students. (1) who had their own study room at their own house. (2) who had a better house equipment and relatively a safety from fire danger. (3) who were living at the house which had been equipped a ventilation and sound isolation. were higher in the Personality score than any other groups. 3. According to the neighborhood and their personality the students who were living in some comfortable environments such as the divided collect of trash and the neighborhood natural surroundings skewed a high score in personality.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2010

This study aims to examine the educational function space of university dormitories at local universities with corridor centered structure in Honam area regions based on direct and indirect parameters on the whole satisfaction of users in residential environment factors and personal characteristics. First, according to relations among parameters, educational and cultural activities of four major activities within the dormitory had indirect influences on social activities, eating and sleeping activities had no direct influence on other activities. And social activity had direct influence on the general satisfaction as an important parameter and educational and cultural activities had indirect influence on the whole satisfaction through social activities. Detailed results show that, in the first educational activities directly affecting the lighting and air conditioning facilities (0.22), safety (0.326), Territoriality (0.327), the space density (-0.167), directions (-0.166) and yeohyang having personal characteristics and the safety of the second cultural activities (0.183), Territoriality (0.361), Aesthetics (-0.13) and the personal characteristics Sex (-0.179), the direct effect, third, and erosion has a direct impact on activity The flexibility of the space factor (-0.128) and Territoriality (0.38) and the personal characteristics grade (0.172), respectively. Fourth in social activities directly affecting the pathfinding (-0.104), and parameter, education (0.388) and cultural activities (0.445), and some of the factors affecting the indirect lighting and air conditioning facilities, safety, and Territoriality, the space density, directions, grade, they could influence through educational activities to be analyzed. That is, territoriality in educational function space is the important factor that users react very sensitively in educational, eating and sleeping activities and educational function space must secure area and division considering personal and public use as the space accommodating activity which is lacking in unit residential space. Accordingly, the safety of educational function space in university dormitory is considered as the fundamental safety matter on the fire prevention, hygiene and cleanness for users in the satisfaction of educational and cultural activities.