• The Korean Journal of Rheology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.135-147
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• 1991

압출공정 중에 화학반응이 수반되는 경우에 화확반응은 온도와 체류시간분포 (Residence Time Distribution (RTD))에 의해 결정되므로 압출기의 설계 및 공정조건의 확 립에 있어서 RTD를 정확히 측정하거나 예측하는 것은 매우 중요하다. RTD를 예측하기 위 해 제안된 종래의 방법은 압출기내에서의 유동을 2차원으로 단순화하여 RTD와 체류시간분 포함수 f(T)와 누적 체류시간 분포함수 F(T)를 해석적으로 구하였다. 그러나 이러한 종래의 RTD에 관한 해석방법은 실제압출기 내부에서 일어나는 3차원적 순환유동(Circulatory Flow)을 정확하게 고려하지 못하는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본논문에서는 RTD를 정확하게 예 측하기 위하여 3차원 순환유동을 고려한 RTD를 구하는 방식을 제시하고 f(T)에 관한 새로 운 공식을 유도하였다. 새로운 방식을 적용하기 위해서 유사 3차원(Quasi-3-Dimensional) 유한요소 해석법을 이용하여 속도분포를 구한 후에 순환유동을 고려한 RTD 및 f(T), F(T) 를 계산하였다. 순환유동이 고려안된 종래의 방법에 따른 계산 결과와 비교한 결과로서 종 래의 방식은 순환유동이 고려안되었기 때문에 RTD를 과소평가하는 경향이 있음을 알수 있 었다.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.210-214
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• 2003

This paper presents a residence time distribution (RTD) measurement method using a radioisotope tracer and the estimation method of RTD model parameters to analyze a submerged bio-reactor. The mathematical RTD models have been investigated to represent the flow behavior and the existence of stagnant regions in the reactor. Knowing the parameters of the RTD model is important for understanding the mixing characteristics of a reactor The radioisotope tracer experiment was carried out by injecting a radioisotope tracer as a pulse into the inlet of the reactor and recording the change of its concentration at the outlet of the reactor to obtain the experimental RTD response. The parameter estimation was performed by the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm. The proposed scheme allowed the parameter estimation of RTD model suggested by Adler-Hovorka with very low deviations. The estimation procedure is shown to lead to accurate estimation of the RTD parameters and to a good agreement between experimental and simulated response.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Using In-113m emitting gamma ray of 0.392MeV at radioisotope tracer the RTD (residence time distribution) of water in the flocculator of wastewater treatment facility was measured. The result was analyzed mathematically using K-RTD program constructed on the basis of CFSTR (constant flow stirred tank reactor) model. The mean residence time and the tank number are the main parameters which describe the flow behavior of the system. Those parameters were obtained in the fitting profess of the simulated curves to the experimental results. It was suggested to construct a modified numerical model to describe the bypass flow which was observed in the experiment.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.400-408
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• 2020

Hydrodynamic study of Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is important to optimize the reactor performance and detect anomalies in the system. Residence time distribution (RTD) study has been performed using LiCl as tracer on a pilot scale aeration tank (AT) and ASP, treating the pulp and paper mill effluent. The hydraulic performance and treatment efficiency of the AT and ASP at different operating parameters like residence time, recycle rate was investigated. Flow anomalies were identified and based on the experimental data empirical models was suggested to interpret the hydrodynamics of the reactors using compartment modelling technique. The analysis of the RTD curves and the compartment models indicated increase in back-mixing ratio as the mean hydraulic retention time (MHRT) of the tank was increased. Bypassing stream was observed at lower MHRT. The fraction of dead zone in the tank increased by approximate 20-25% with increase in recycle rate. The fraction of the stagnant zone was found well below 5% for all performed experiments, which was under experimental error. The substrate removal of 91% for Chemical oxygen demand and 96% for Biochemical oxygen demand were observed for the ASP working at a hydraulic mean residence time 39 h MRT with a 20% recycling of activated sludge.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2005

In this study, we performed RTD measurement at the die exit of co-rotating twin-screw extruder using a non-destructive ultrasonic device. The ultrasonic device was attached at slit die and was composed of a steel buffer rod and 10 MHz longitudinal piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. This in-line ultrasonic monitoring method is based on the ultrasonic response of $CaCO_3$ filled in polymer. The RTD is evaluated by variation of ultrasonic attenuation with time caused by change of the tracer concentration during extrusion. The ultrasonic tracer, pellet type of compounded $CaCO_3$ in polymer was used in this study. The effects of tracer concentration on RTD and flow patterns were studied. Evaluation for the residence functions at different screw speeds, feeding rates and screw configurations were also carried out.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1986.10a
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• pp.200-204
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• 1986

Particle size distribution in a Continuous Mixed Suspension Mixed Crystal Removal (CMSMPR) crystallizer has been analyzed using the Population Balance (PB) model. This method presents difficulties when the growth rate of crystal depends on the crystal size. Recent studies indicate that in many cases the growth rate is dependent on size when the crystal sizes are small. In this study, a Residence Time Distribution(RTD) model was proposed to take the size dependence into account together with an appropriate numerical scheme. When compared with the approximate results based on PB model, RTD model results showed improvements also a nucleation effect which is normally unimportant for steady state analysis. Start-up data for NaCl-Water-Ethanol system was compared with computed values.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2005

The effluent quality is directly affected by the separation of biological solids in a final clarifier because the majority of discharged $BOD_5$ and SS are virtually dependent on the results of biological solids in the sedimentation tank effluent. If a final clarifier is effectively designed and operated, the desired goal of clarification for wastewater can be achieved together with the cost reduction in the treatment of wastewater. To this end flow characteristics and the removal efficiency of SS are numerically investigated especially by the change of the inlet position and the installation of baffle to improve the performance of a rectangular final clarifier. The 2-D computer program developed in a rectangular coordinates has been successfully validated against experimental residence time distribution(RTD) curves obtained by tracing radio-isotope. The lowering of the inlet position weakens the density current and induces the settling of SS in the front zone of a clarifier. Thus the decreased traveling distance of the sludge increases the removal efficiency of SS in the effluent. The inlet baffle installed in the front region of clarifier prevents the short circuiting flow and induces to flow into the dense underflow, which eventually improves the effluent quality. In the case of lower inlet position, however, installation of baffle results in degradation of effluent quality. Consequently it is strongly recommended that in-depth numerical study be performed in advance for optimizing a clarifier design and retrofitting to improve effluent quality in a final clarifier.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.546-556
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to improve the polluted stream water quality by pilot-scale five different constructed wetlands (CWs). Cell 1 to 3 are newly designed 2SFCW (Surface-subsurface flow CW) with 1 to 3 flow shifters (FS) in the middle of the wetland system. Cell 4 and 5 are control CW (CCW), but Cell 5 is the same type as Cell 3. The FS, which converts the route of surface and subsurface flow between two wetlands connected in series, was able to enhance the treatability of TN via nitrification and denitrification and of SS due to filtration and sedimentation. The void fraction and dispersion number of Cell 1, 2 and 3 obtained from the RTD analysis were found to be 0.73 and 0.17, respectively. COD and TP removal efficiencies of Cell 1 to 3 were similar to that of Cell 4 and 5. SS removal efficiencies of Cell 1 to 3 and 5 with FS were 5-10% higher than that of Cell 4 without FS. TN removal efficiencies of Cell 1 to 3 were 3-14% higher than that of Cell 4 and 5. The average $R^2$ values of COD, SS, TN and TP obtained from nonlinear regression analysis were similar to the results of other researchers.