• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

In the present study, experiments have been performed to investigate the possibility of removing Cochlodinium polykrikoides using the dredged sediment from a coastal fishery and then to derive the optimal conditions; the amount and particle size of dredged sediment besprinkled into water, the thermal treatment, the types and amounts of additives, and the depth profile of Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Results showed that the optimal amount of dredged sediment besprinkled into water was 6~10 g/L, and the removal efficiency of Cochlodinium polykrikoides after the reaction time for 60 min was 73~93%. Note that, in the real sea water, it is necessary to besprinkle 6~10 $kg/m^3$ of dry dredged sediment on a unit area (1 $m^2$). With decreasing particle size, Cochlodinium polykrikoides could be more efficiently removed. The removal efficiency was 93% with the dredged sediment smaller than 100 ${\mu}m$, whereas it was 51% with that of 100 ${\mu}m$ ${\mu}m$. Since most of dredged sediment (over 90%) was smaller than 100 ${\mu}m$, high efficiency could be obtained by besprinkling only the dredged sediment without pre-treatment. CaO was found to be an effective additive in promoting the removal efficiency (up to 99%). The optimal amount of additive was 5~10%, however, it was necessary to use as small amount of an additive as possible in order to avoid the sharp increase in pH. The removal efficiency increased with increasing depth profile of Cochlodinium polykrikoides. The removal efficiency was 83% at 5 cm depth, whereas it was 93% at 50 cm depth. In the sea water, red tide occurred within 3 m depth, and furthermore most Cochlodinium polykrikoides existed within 1 m depth. It was, therefore, expected that higher removal efficiency of Cochlodinium polykrikoides could be obtained when the dredged sediment was besprinkled into the sea water. The removal efficiency of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was up to 93% when the dredged sediment (<100 ${\mu}m$) was besprinkled into water at the ratio of 10 g/L. This result was comparable to that obtained with loess (90~97%). All the results in the present study indicated that the dredged sediment from a coastal fishery could be successfully used as a substitute of loess for removing the red tide alga.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.351-360
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• 2018

The LWR (Locally Weighted Regression) model, which is traditionally a lazy learning model, is designed to obtain the solution of the prediction according to the input variable, the query point, and it is a kind of the regression equation in the short interval obtained as a result of the learning that gives a higher weight value closer to the query point. We study on an incremental ensemble learning approach for LWR, a form of lazy learning and memory-based learning. The proposed incremental ensemble learning method of LWR is to sequentially generate and integrate LWR models over time using a genetic algorithm to obtain a solution of a specific query point. The weaknesses of existing LWR models are that multiple LWR models can be generated based on the indicator function and data sample selection, and the quality of the predictions can also vary depending on this model. However, no research has been conducted to solve the problem of selection or combination of multiple LWR models. In this study, after generating the initial LWR model according to the indicator function and the sample data set, we iterate evolution learning process to obtain the proper indicator function and assess the LWR models applied to the other sample data sets to overcome the data set bias. We adopt Eager learning method to generate and store LWR model gradually when data is generated for all sections. In order to obtain a prediction solution at a specific point in time, an LWR model is generated based on newly generated data within a predetermined interval and then combined with existing LWR models in a section using a genetic algorithm. The proposed method shows better results than the method of selecting multiple LWR models using the simple average method. The results of this study are compared with the predicted results using multiple regression analysis by applying the real data such as the amount of traffic per hour in a specific area and hourly sales of a resting place of the highway, etc.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2018

This study was to investigate the occurrence patterns of paddy weeds, their resistance levels to an ALS inhibiting herbicide, and to estimate the areas of resistance in these paddy fields. We used soil collected from 358 paddy fields of Jeonnam province in 2017. Based on their life cycles, weeds were 96% annuals and 4% perennial. Additionally, according to morphological classification, 59% were broad leaves, 28% were sedges and 13% were grasses. Different areas within Jeonnam province contained different numbers and occurrence rates of weed species. However, generally, we observed Lindernia dubia var. dubia, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea, Ludwigia prostrata, L. procumbens, Cyperus difformis, Scirpus juncoides, Eleocharis Kuroguwai, Echinochloa oryzoides, and E. crus-galli var. echinata. We also observed seven weeds resistant to an ALS inhibiting herbicide. They were M. vaginalis, S. juncoides, C. difformis, L. dubia, Ludwigia prostrata, E. oryzoides, and E. crus-galli var. echinata. Although there were differences in the number and occurrence rate of resistant weed species to an ALS inhibiting herbicide among areas in Jeonnam province, the M. vaginalis, C. difformis, and S. juncoides occurred in 23 cities and counties in Jeonnam including Gwangju metropolitan city. Based on the rates (52%) of resistant occurrence to an ALS inhibiting herbicide in Jeonnam province, the area of weed resistant paddy fields was estimated to be 91,543 ha.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.659-672
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• 2001

Generally, design flood for a hydraulic structure is estimated using statistical analysis of runoff data. However, due to the lack of runoff data, it is difficult that the statistical method is applied for estimation of design flood. In this case, the synthetic unit hydrograph method is used generally and the models such as NYMO method, Snyder method, SCS method, and HYMO method have been widely used in Korea. In this study, these methods and KICT method, which is developed in year 2000, are compared and analyzed in 10 study areas. Firstly, peak flow and peak time of representative unit hydrograph and synthetic unit hydrograph in study area are compared, and secondly, the shape of unit hydrograph is compared using a root mean square error(RMSE). In Nakayasu method developed in Japan, synthetic unit hydrograph is very different from peak flow, peak time, and the shape of representative unit hydrograph, and KICT method(2000) is superior to others. Also, KICT method(2000) is superior to others in the aspects of using hydrologic and topographical data. Therefore, Nakayasu method is not a proper in hydrological practice. Moreover, it is considered that KICT model is a better method for the estimation of design flood. However, if other model, i.e. SCS method, Nakayasu method, and HYMO method, is used, parameters or regression equations must be adjusted by analysis of real data in Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the natural river conservation work and to find remedies for them, targeting Jangsu-cheon with high frequency of use by citizens among the rivers in Incheon Metroplitan City, Korea; for this, this study conducted investigations and analyses of Jangsu-cheon completed in December, 2008. As a result of investigating 3 spots for the water system of Jangsu-cheon over a total of 3 years (2009, 2010, 2014), it was found that benthic macro-invertebrates of a total of 3 phyla, 5 classes, 11 orders, 26 families, 56 species, and 980 specimens were distributed there. When they were analyzed by year, 18 families and 30 species in 2009, right after the natural river conservation work, and 22 families and 37 species in 2010, 2 years after the work, were found, with 7 species increasing in number; after that, as a result of the investigation in 2014, 22 families and 38 species were found, which tells the river has entered the stabilization stage since the recovery in 2010.Therefore, this study could identify: the water environment of the river was improved due to the natural river conservation work for Jangsu-cheon; in addition, Jangsu-cheon showed good ecological environment due to the continuous maintenance of the good wetlands in Incheon Grand Park in the upper area of the river; and the natural river conservation work of Jangsu-cheon created positive effects.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2004

Crystallization of CaC $O_3$ from the solutions of various degrees of supersaturation was carried out by a spontaneous precipitation method. The solution was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.9∼8.8. The solution compositions were varied in two ways: (1) The total carbonate, [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$, to total calcium. [Ca]$_{Τ}$, ratios vary as ; [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ >1. [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$=1, and [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$<1. (2) The total calcium concentration, [Ca]$_{Τ}$, held at 0.02 mo1/d $m^3$, 0.2 mo1/d $m^3$, and 0.4 mo1/d $m^3$. We found that the CaC $O_3$ phase crystallized from the solutions of [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ $\geq$ 1 was mostly calcite with less than 1% of vaterite, while the CaC $O_3$ crystals precipitated from low carbonate concentration toward calcium concentration, [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ < 1, were dominated by vaterite crystals. It appears that the polymorph of CaC $O_3$ precipitate was mainly controlled not by the calcium concentration but by the carbonate concentration during the spontaneous precipitation. Also, we found that the surface roughness of vaterite increased with decreasing carbonate concentration from 0.8 or 0.5 of [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ ratios and the surface area of vaterite increased from 5.64∼7.34 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 8.39∼10.3 $\mu\textrm{m}$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.958-969
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• 1998

In this study, we attempted to investigate the needs and problems of the terminal cancer patients and their family caregivers to provide them with nursing information to improve their quality of life and prepare for a peaceful death. Data was collected from August 1, 1995 to July 31, 1996 at the internal medicine unit of S hospital in Seoul area with the two groups of participants who were family members of terminal cancer patients seventy four of them were in-patients and 34 were out-patients who were discharged from the same hospital for home care. The research tool used in this study has been developed by selecting the questionnaires from various references, modifying them for our purpose and refining them based on the results of preliminary study. While general background information about the patients was obtained by reviewing their medical records, all other information was collected by interviewing the primary family caregivers of the patients using the questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed with the SPSS PC/sup +/ program. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1) Most frequently complained symptoms of the terminal cancer patients were in the order of pain(87%), weakness(86.1%), anorexia(83.3%) and fatigue (80.6%). 2) Main therapies for the terminal cancer patients were pain control (58.3%), hyperalimentation(47.2%) and antibiotics(21.3%). 3) Special medical devices that terminal cancer patients used most were oxygen device (11.1%), and feeding tube(5.6%). Other devices were used by less than 5% of the patients. 4) The mobility of 70.4% of the patients was worse than ECOG 3 level, they had to stay in bed more than 50% of a day. 5) Patients wanted their medical staffs to help relieve pain(45.4%), various physical symptoms(29.6%), and problems associated with their emotion(11.1%). 6) 16.7% of the family caregivers hoped for full recovery of the patients, refusing to admit the status of the patients. Also, 37% wished for the extension of the patient's life at least for 6 months. 7) Only 38.9% of the family members was preparing for the patient's funeral. 8) 45.4% of family caregivers prefer hospital as the place for the patient's death, 39.8% their own home, and 14.8% undetermined. 9) Caregivers of the patients were mostly close family members, i.e., spouse(62%), and sons and daughters or daughter-in-laws(21.3%). 10) 43.5% of the family caregivers were aware of hospice care. 46.8% of them learned about the hospice care from the mass media, 27.7% from health professionals, and the rest from books and other sources. 11) Caregivers were asked about the most difficult problems they encounter in home care, 41 of them pointed out the lack of health professionals they can contact, counsel and get help from in case of emergency, 17 identified the difficulty of finding appropriate transportation to hospital, and 13 stated the difficulty of admission in hospital as needed. 12) 93.6% of family caregivers demanded 24-hour hot line, 80% the visiting nurses and doctors, and 69.4% the volunteer's help. The above results indicate that terminal patients and their family caregivers demand help from qualified health professionals whenever necessary. Hospice care system led by well-trained medical and nursing staffs is one of the viable answers for such demands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.72-78
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to evaluate the patient's setup errors in TomoTherapy (Hi-Art II, TomoTherapy, USA) Bodyfix system (Medical Intelligence, Ele-kta, Schwabmuchen, Germany) pressure in the vacuum compression, depending on and were evaluated. Bodyfix immobilization system and vacuum pressure was compression applied to the patients who received Tomotherapy thoracic and abdominal area, 21 patients were selected and TomoTehpay treatment total 477 of MVCT images were obtained. The translational (medial-lateral: ML, anterior-posterior: AP, superior-inferior: SI directions) and rolling were recorded and analyzed statistically. Using Pearson's product-moment coefficient and One-way ANOVA, the degree of correlation depending on the different vacuum pressure levels were statistically analyzed for setup errors from five groups (p<0.05). The largest average and standard deviation of systematic errors were 6.00, 5.95 mm in the AP and SI directions, respectively. The largest average of random errors were 4.72 mm in the SI directions. The correlation coefficients were 0.485, 0.244, and 0.637 for the ML-Roll, AP-Vector, and SI-Vector, respectively. SI-Vector direction showed the best relationship. In the results of the different degree of vacuum pressure in five groups (Pressure range: 30~70 mbar), the setup errors between the ML, SI in both directions and Roll p=0.00 (p<0.05) were shown significant differences. The average errors of SI direction in the vacuum pressure of 40 mbar and 70 mbar group were 4.78 mm and -0.74 mm, respectively. In this study, the correlation between the vacuum pressure and the setup-errors were statistically analyzed. The fact that setup-errors in SI direction is dependent in vacuum pressure considerly setup-errors and movement of interal organs was identified. Finally, setup-errors, and it, based on the movement of internal organs in Bodyfix system we should apply more than 50 mbar vacuum pressure. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that accuracy of the vacuum pressure and the quantitative analysis of movement of internal organs and the tumor should be studied.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.257-272
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for morality of education in home economics education. Through research on the state of morality of education, the following criteria can be achieved ; recognition of the importance, and the level of teaching performance regarding the contents of morality education in home economics instruction. The basic data were obtained by looking at the differences between the recognized importance and the level of teaching performance. Data were collected from the survey mailed to the teachers responsible for home economics area in $\lceil$Technology${\cdot}$Home Economics$\rfloor$ in middle schools in Korea. The 335 questionnaires collected were used for final analysis. SPSS/WIN 10.0program was used for calculating and analysis the frequency, percentage, average. standard deviation. Firstly, most of the home economics teachers show that they continually try to implement morality education through each home economics lesson plan. They focus their attention on the main theme of the lesson of a particular nit, that deals with family life. For example, an excerpt from a particular unit may be the 'Understanding of myself and family members'. Most home economics teachers believe that a family setting and/or schools, whether private or public institutions, are appropriate places for productive education. As well, each of these educational settings, should take complete responsibility for teaching morality of education. As a way to activate the morality education, teachers believe that working with the students and understanding the needs of their students, along with the cooperation of parents, are key factors in the teaming process. Another way is the change of teacher's perceptions and educational conditions or environment. Secondly. home economics teachers in middle school. are showing a higher level of understanding on the importance regarding the contents of morality education, which can be noticed through the high level of their teaching performances. Regarding the importance of morality education, the first priority goes to showing respect for parents and the elderly, as well as sexual ethics and respect for life must always be taken into consideration. In regards to the level of teaching performance, the first priority goes to responsibility and co-operation. Secondly. showing respect for parents and the elderly and sexual ethics will be the third. Through data achieved through this study, the majority of home economics education teachers believe that morality education in home economics education is very important and a key factor in their teaching practices.