• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2003

Therapeutic ultrasound is commonly applied for deep heating in physical therapy setting. However, it is difficult to determine the exact application dosage and to confirm the immediate heating effect. Microwave Radio-Thermometer (MRT) can measure the temperature by the electromagnetic energy in the microwave region of the object that emits above absolute zero temperature. MRT was used for early diagnosis of breast cancer since it was not harmful, non-invasive, and non-ionizing to the human body. The purposes of this study were to investigate how accurately 1.1 GHz RTM (RES Ltd. Russia) measures the change of average temperature in the tissue, and to determine the depth of temperature change measurement. Therapeutic ultrasound was applied (continuous wave for 5 minutes, 1 MHz, intensity of 1.5 $W/cm^2$ [in vitro] and 1.0 $W/cm^2$ [in vivo]) in four different conditions: (1) 30 cases of in vitro specimen of pork, (2) 30 cases of in vitro specimen of pork ankle joint, (3) 10 cases of in vivo canine thigh, and (4) 30 cases of in vivo human body. Intraclass Correlation Coeffients (ICC[3,1]) between average needle probe thermometer below surface and MRT temperature was revealed as followed: (1) Before ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .8 in specimen of pork (15 mm underneath the skin) and above .82 in specimen of pork ankle joint (10~30 mm underneath the skin). (2) After ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .7 in both specimens of pork and pork ankle joint. (3) Before ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .8 in canine thigh (20 mm underneath the skin). (4) After ultrasound application ICCs ranges above .82 in canine thigh. The temperature of the human body increased significantly with the mean of $15^{\circ}C$ in muscle tissue and with the mean of $3.5^{\circ}C$ in joint (p<.00). It was revealed that the average depth of temperature measurement of the tissue by MRT was in between 10 and 35 mm, and determined that the proper temperature measurement band was $36.5{\sim}37.0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.184-189
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• 2003

This research was conducted to determine the effect of mixing ratio of aquafarm waste water sludge (AWWS) in the growing medium as a source of fertilizers on growth of plug seedlings of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Increased mixing ratio of AWWS resulted in increased fresh and dry weights, leaf area, plant height, and total chlorophyll content, although there were slight differences in growth characteristics at 20 and 40 days after sowing. Concentration of AWWS affected insignificantly the percent dry matter, number of leaves, and length of the longest root. The addition of AWWS increased pH and decreased EC in the medium as compared to that of chemical fertilizer. Compared to the control of a liquid fertilizer, 4 or 8 kg AWWS${\cdot}45L^{-1}$ medium (Sludge 4) gave a similar or slightly better growth. Above results suggested that addition of about 4 kg AWWS${\cdot}45L^{-1}$medium is sufficient for seedling growth and the AWWS can be used as a substitute for the liquid fertilizer in plug seedling production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.37-53
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• 2007

This study is carried in the goal to investigate the individual awareness rate about alternative therapy among the unspecified persons and their experience of using it, and to promote the diffusion of alternative therapy. The questionnaire research for this study has been conducted among 300 unspecified persons who live in some areas. The following is figured out in this study: 1. To the question of knowledge grade about alternative therapies, 44.4% of respondents answer they 'know a little.' 2. Regarding the experience of using alternative therapies, 22.6% of respondents answer 'Yes.' This rate is very low, the reason of it can be perceived that the names of categories in alternative therapies has not been showed to them and they don't have pre-knowledge about it. 3. The 166 persons of 248 reply that they use alternative therapies. This rate indicate their recognition of categories of alternative therapies, and the gap of the question of experience and using nowadays is interpreted to result from the gap of the pre-knowledge. 4. Regarding the field of the alternative therapies that the respondents want to learn, the first field the male respondents choose is acupuncture(41 persons, Res in needle, bloodletting, etc.), and the female respondents choose acupuncture firstly(20 persons). Therefore the learning courses of alternative therapies are more effective when the preference of men and women is considered. Consequently, both the research about the given kinds of alternative therapies with demonstration of their medical effect and the systematic promotion and education about alternative therapy is considered to be needed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.128-138
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• 1998

Comparative studies on the morphological characters of the circumorbital bone were made in order to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the family Cyprinidae. In this paper, forty four species from Korea and three species of Gobiobotia and Saurogobio dabryi from China were studied. Pungtungia herzi, Pseudopungtungia nigra and Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus were similar in morphological structure on points of the first infraorbital elongated. In Hemibarbus, the base portion of the opened sensor canal was transformed into a lateral plate in the infraorbital. Microphysogobio was characteristic in that the infraorbital series were large, and had close relationship with Pseudogobio esocinus and Saurogobio dabryi. Gobiobotia were reduced to a bony canal with dermal bone. Culter brevicauda had a short supraorbital. Cyprininae were characterized by larger fourth and fifth infraorbitals. Leuciscinae were divided into two groups: Moroco and Zacco. The former includes Phoxinus phoxinus, Moroco oxycephalus and Moroco kumgangensis, and the latter includes Zacco platypus, Zacco temmincki and Opsariichthys bidens. Moroco group was distinguished from Zacco group in points of having a short supraorbital and a elongated the first infraorbital.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1998

The ichthyofauna and the structure of fish community were surveyed from April to November 1997 at eighteen stations in the Yonggang river which is a first tributary located at the middle reach of the Nakdong river system. During the surveyed period, 32 species belonging to ten families were collected. Of them cyprinid fish occupied 53.1% (17 species) and cobitid fish 15.6% (5 species). Thirteen species (40.6%) were known as Korean endemic species. Dominant species were Zacco temmincki (32.78%) and Moroco oxycephalus (15.10%). Zacco platypus, Pungtungia herzi. Niwaella multifasciata, and Odontobutis platycephala were common species. Rare species which occupied less than 0.1% of total individuals were Lampetra reissneri, Pseudorasbora parva, Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae, Microphysogobio koreensis, Gobiobitia naktongensis, Cobitis rotundicaudata, Nemacheilus toni, Silurus asotus, Silurus microdorsalis, Siniperca scherzeri, and Oreochromis niloticus. A tendancy were shown in regional distribution that Moroco oxycephalus dominated in upper stream, Zacco temmincki and Moroco oxycephalus in mid - upper stream, Zacco temmincki and Niwaella multifasciata in mid - lower stream, and Zacco platypus and microphysogobioid fishes in lower stream. St. 11 which located in mid- reach of Yongam stream and St. 15 and 18 which located in main stream had the most stable and diverse community structure, but St. 1, 5, and 7 were unstable and the simplest community structure.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.584-590
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• 1982

Copolymerization of the 4-vinylpyridine with vinylacetate and divinylbenzene initiated by azobis-isobutyronitrile was carried out in DMF in presence $BaCl_2$ at $98^{\circ}C$. Ion exchange res in, poly 4-vinylpyridine-vinylsulfonic acid-divinylbenzene was prepared by sulfonation of 4-vinylpyridine-vinylacetatp-divinylbenzene with concentrated sulfuric acid. The compositions of each synthetic resin were identified by means of ir adsorption spectroscopy. Anion and cation capacities of 4-vinylpyridine-vinylsulfonic acid-divinylbenzene ion exchanger were 2.5meq/g and 4.8meq/g, respectively. Adsorption of Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions have showed larger quantity in alkalie media. A study also was made of the influence of alcohol on the distribution coefficient of Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions between the synthetic ion exchanger, and solution containing hydrochloric acid, various alcohols and water. The distribution coefficients of metal ions decrease generally as the number of branches of carbon in the molecule of butyl alcohol increase. (t-BuOH

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 1992

M/BM -series catalysts, $MoO_3$ supported on ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$ were also prepared by impregnation method. BM/M-series catalysts, ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$ supported on $MoO_3$ were also prepared by coprecipitation. Structure and catalytic properties of the two phase catalysts were studied by means of using nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The reaction test for the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein over Bi-molybdate catalysts was studied using a fixed-bed reactor system. In M/BM-series catalysts, $MoO_3$ was dispersed on ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$, and the crystal structure of ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$ remains unchanged by the presence of excess $MoO_3$. However the surface morphology and bulk structure of BM/M-series catalysts were altered probably because the precipitated $Bi(OH)_3$ reacted with $MoO_3$ during the calcination to form ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$ phase. The results of propylene oxidation on both series catalysts showed that the reaction took place over the surface of ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$ particle and the role of excess $MoO_3$ was to supply oxygen to ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$. These increasing effects on activity were also observed in the mechanical mixtures of ${\alpha}-Bi_2Mo_3O_{12}$ and $MoO_3$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 1997

A pot experiment was carried out using Seomjin-byeo and Samgang-byeo to investigate the effects of nitrogen and sulfur on the growth, yields, and sulfur containing amino acid content of rice. The yields and number of tillers at 50 days after transplanting were increased with the increase of the amounts of nitrogen and sulfur, but N/S ratio was decreased in both varieties. There were a positive correlations between yield and contents of nitrogen and sulfur in straw and brown rice, but a negative correlation between N/S ratio and yields at harvesting stage. Crude protein contents increased with the increase of amounts of nitrogen and sulfur. contents of amino acid containing sulfur in brown rice were positively correlated with the sulfur and nitrogen contents in rice straw.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.650-660
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• 1992

To elucidate a potential contribution of endotheline-1[ET-1] to the genesis of pulmonary hypertension and postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis in the patients with heart disease, we measured plasma levels of the ET-1 during perioperative period of open heart surgery. In addition, we examined changes of ET-1 during perioperative period and correlations between ET-1 levels and hemodynamic variables. 12 patients including 5 acquired heart disease and 7 congenital heart disease patients were selected randomly as a study group, Group A and B, respectively. 6 patients proved not having heart or hemodynamic problem were selected as a control, Group C. 110 blood samples from pulmonary artery[ET-P] and radial artery[ET-S] were taken and assayed by Sep-pak extraction and RIA. ET-1 levels of Group A were ET-P, 3.94$\pm$5.31pg /ml, ET-S, 3.10$\pm$2.90pg/ml[p>0.05], Group B were ET-P, 1.63$\pm$0.62pg/ml, ET-S, 1.99$\pm$2.45pg/ml[p>0.05], Group C were ET-P, 1.97$\pm$2.02pg/ml, ET-S, 1.72$\pm$0.77pg/ml[p>0.05]. There were no statistically significant differences of ET-1 levels among the Group A, B, C[p>0.05]. There was no correlation between pulmonary artery pressure[PAP] and ET-1 level[p>0.05], and ET-1 levels were not increased even in the cases of pulmonary hypertensive criwis or low cardiac output syndrome, whereas significant correlation between ET-S and pulmonary vascular res-istance[Rp] [r=0.36, p<0.05], and negative correlation between ET-S and OS saturation of pulmonary artery[OS-P][r= -0.49, p<0.01] were identified. Another significant finding was peak increase of ET-1 levels in the postoperative period 1 hour[p<0.05] and then gra-dualy decrease through the postoperative period. In conclusion, ET-1 has no correlation with PAP, whereas correlation with Rp, and inverse correlation with OS-P. It is suggested that ET-1 is neither the direct causative substance of pulmonary hypertension nor pulmonary vasospasm but there must be increased production of ET-1 in chronic pulmonary hypertensive state. Counter-regulatory mechanism to ET-1 is speculated during the pulmonary vasospasm.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.436-442
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• 2005

We have performed multiple geophysical surveys comprised of gravity, magnetic and resistivity methods at the Yangsan fault zone which runs through the Eonyang area, the eastern part of Kyeongsang in southeast Korea. The gravity and magnetic data provide information about geological structures. Furthermore, sections of electrical resistivity show the sharp contrast of electrical resistivity distribution across the fault zone. Since the fractured zone tends to be more conductive than fresh host rocks, the electrical resistivity survey is effective in determining the detailed structure of the fault zone. We have made gravity measurements at a total of 71 points alongside two profiles across the fault zone, and carried out an electrical resistivity survey with a dipole-dipole array at the same location using 40m dipole length. In addition, we have analyzed the aeromagnetic data on the corresponding area. The multiple geophysical properties appear to be abruptly changed in electrical resistivity, gravity and aeromagneticclearly show the different appearance across the fault zone. The fault is identified by its sub vertical attitude which is well known in the Yangsan fault zone. We have also confirmed that the magnitude of the response of the fault is much larger in the southern part of the survey area than the northern area. These results most likely to provide basic information for the further studies about the physical properties and the structures at the Yangsan fault.