• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.720-730
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• 2016

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for myriad national and sub-national reporting purposes (for example, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; EU ETS). As with the other so-called 'Kyoto protocol GHGs', the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of $N_2O$ emissions, based on the sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop a integrated emission factor to estimate the direct $N_2O$ emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the red pepper, soy bean, spring cabbage, autumn cabbage and potato in 2010~2012. Emission factor of $N_2O$ calculated using accumulated $N_2O$ emission, N fertilization rate, and background $N_2O$ emission over three year experiment was $0.00596{\pm}0.001337kg$ $N_2O-N(N\;kg)^{-1}$. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop $N_2O$ emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because $N_2O$ emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2004

Background and Objective : Voice disorders are one of the major occupational hazards of school teaching. Prolonged voice use through verbal instruction has been implicated as a cause of vocal impairment among members of this profession. They all depend on their voice for their livelihood and are greatly alarmed by slightest alteration in voice quality. Despite considerable research in the area of voice problems in teachers, the prevalence of voice disorders in this group is unknown. Severe voice problems can affect teacher's ability to teach in the classroom. Materials and Method : This study investigated the prevalence of self-reported voice problems in teachers using a survey of a simple random sample of middle school teachers (n=1000). As part of the survey, teachers were asked to report voice problems for the day of the survey, duration, main symptom, smoking, caffeine, alcohol history etc. Results : The reponse rate was 91%(n=94) with 89.7%(n=812) teachers reporting voice problems on the day of the survey, and 40%(n=330) of these group reporting the history of medical consult. Conclusion : These finding indicate a need for vocal hygiene education in teachers and for the development of educational programs aimed at preventing voice problems in this group of professional voice users.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.75-90
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• 2016

Objectives: This study measures the level of cognition of employee's patient safety culture and evaluates the current level through comparing the results to external levels. Ultimately it is performed to construct a strategic improvement plan through the basic database for patient's safety culture. Methods: A questionnaire survey of self reporting type was carried out using structured questionnaire of the patient's safety culture for employees currently employed in a hospital. Total responders was 1,129 and a response rate was 54.6%. The survey results were calculated with a percent positive response, and the current level was evaluated by comparing with the survey results of a hospital (2009 and 2014) and the survey result of The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(2014). Results: Sub-dimension of high percent positive response for each area were 'teamwork within hospital units' (80%), 'feedback & communication about error' (73%) and 'supervisor/manager expectations & actions promoting safety' (67%). Meanwhile, 'teamwork across hospital units' (31%), 'hospital management support for patient safety' (29%), 'staffing' (27%) and 'non-punitive response to error' (17%) were relatively low percent positive response. Compared to the survey results of AHRQ (2014) for each area, 'teamwork within hospital units' (80%), 'feedback & communication about error' (73%), 'frequency of event reporting' (66%) were at the top 50% percentile level and the remaining sub-dimensions showed a very low level in the lower 10% percentile area. Conclusion: In order to establish a system for patient safety culture within the hospital and evaluate the effect on this, it is necessary to periodically evaluate the patient's safety culture and establish regulations on hospital safety culture to comply with this.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.220-227
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• 2020

Objectives: Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. These patients lose their teeth at a young age and are in need of prosthetic rehabilitation. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the success of dental implant placement in these patients. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was performed in PubMed Central, Scopus, and Web of Science using the keyword "Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome" AND "dental implant" OR "prosthodontics". Articles reporting implant placement in patients with PLS until July 2019 were included. Results: Assessment of the included 11 articles reporting 15 cases showed 136 implant placements in these patients. Implant failure occurred in 3 patients (20 implants). The peri-implantitis and failure rate was higher in the maxilla. Meta-analysis showed the probability of failure to be 7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0%-31%) for maxillary implants and 2% (95% CI 0%-9%) for mandibular implants. The follow-up time ranged between 1 and 20 years. Healing after bone graft and implant placement in these patients was uneventful. Conclusion: Dental implants may be a viable treatment option for PLS patients. Implantation can help preserve alveolar bone if the patients' immunological and growing conditions are well-considered and proper oral hygiene and compliance with the maintenance program are continued.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.207-237
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• 2009

One of the main problems in Korea's public assistance program, the NBLS (National Basic Livelihood Security), is that the loophole of welfare system is continuously growing. Living wage program is the largest sub-program of the NBLS, and the most important determinant of amount of living wage for each beneficiary is the level of reported income. Therefore, accurate and effective income detection is essential in improving policy effects and furthermore reducing the leakage of wage expenditure as beneficiaries always have an incentive to underreport their income. Since most of them do not pay income tax, the welfare authority should exert an independent effort to effectively detect their income. Considering that living wage is a special kind of income tax of which marginal tax rate is -1, one can apply a classical theory of tax evasion to understand illegal or excessive receipt of living wage caused by income underreporting. Utilizing a classical theory given by Alingham and Sandmo (1972), this paper provides a theoretical analysis of the optimal income reporting of the beneficiary. Then an optimization problem is constructed from the government's viewpoint to derive optimal income detecting device (auditing). This paper proves that cut-off discriminated auditing outperforms random auditing and cut-off auditing which implies if the government assigns a positive audit probability to every reported income less than a certain level and the probability is inversely proportional to the level of reported income, it can minimize underreporting and then gradually reduce the leakage of wage expenditure.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.871-882
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• 2015

AIS-ASM is one of the studies to provide a variety of maritime safety information as well as the information on a ship's position that is their own function, and AIS-ASM has been implemented with adjustment of the relevant regulations since 2004. However, it was reported that the increased use of ASM message on the existing AIS channel affects the part of the existing AIS own function such as the transmission of the ship's position and safe-related information. Also, seamless MSP service is difficult to provide at a low transmission rate of the existing AIS channel. This study aims to reduce the marine officer's workload through automating captain's mandatory reporting items using the one of the next maritime digital communication technology (ASM2.0). For this purpose, we designed and realized the ASM2.0 protocol through analyzing domestic regulations about passenger flight and AIS-ASM message.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2007

Effective communicable disease surveillance systems are the basis of the national disease prevention and control. Following the increase in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases since late 1990s, the Korean government has strived to enhance surveillance and response system. Since 2000, sentinel surveillance, such as influenza sentinel surveillance, pediatric sentinel surveillance, school-based sentinel surveillance and ophthalmological sentinel surveillance, was introduced to improve the surveillance activities. Electronic reporting system was developed in 2000, enabling the establishment of national database of reported cases. Disweb, a portal for sharing communicable disease information with the public and health care workers, was developed. In general, the survey results on usefulness and attributes of the system, such as simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity, timeliness, and representa-tiveness, received relatively high recognition. Compared to the number of paid cases of national health insurance, reported cases by national notifiable disease surveillance system, and various sentinel surveillance system, the result of the correlation analysis was high. According to the research project conducted by KCDC, the reporting rate of physicians in 2004 has also greatly improved, compared with that in 1990s. However, continuous efforts are needed to further improve the communicable disease surveillance system. Awareness of physicians on communicable disease surveillance system must be improved by conducting education and information campaigns on a continuous basis. We should also devise means for efficient use of various administrative data including cause of death statistics and health insurance. In addition, efficiency of the system must be improved by linking data from various surveillance system.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate patient safety regulations and guidelines in order to understand their current status, and to examine support measures to improve patient safety in Korean hospitals. Methods: The participants were the safety officers from hospitals with 200 or more beds and 112 hospitals responded to the online survey. The questions covered patient safety regulations, the performance level of patient safety activities, patient safety incident reporting systems, the dedicated professional, training, support mechanisms, and expectations of reporting systems. Results: Among preventative measures, fall prevention and hand hygiene were reported to be most widely practiced (92% and 91%, respectively). Time-out for invasive procedures showed a relatively low practice rate at 70%. Among patient care activities, transfusion, surgery and sedation, medication, and infection management were performed by 84, 74, 93 and 93% of the hospitals, respectively. Patient safety activities included patient safety committee, patient safety cooperation between decision-making bodies, patient safety workshops, seminars, lectures, and training for employees. Conclusion: Patient safety regulations and guidelines have not yet been sufficiently prepared, and a public institution such as a certification authority is of crucial importance to enforce these guidelines.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to systematically explore the effects and safety of acupuncture treatment for upper extremity peripheral nerve injury and to review the methodology of clinical trials. Methods We searched 9 electronic databases(3 international, 1 Chinese, 5 Korean) including English, Korean and Chinese, up to December 2017 for randomized controlled trials which evaluated the effects of the acupuncture in patients with upper extremity peripheral nerve injury. We abstracted the designs of the randomized clinical trials and the method of acupuncture treatment according to the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture(STRICTA). Results A total of 8 papers were reviewed. All randomized clinical trials were conducted in China. Of them, five studies(62.5%) were electro-acupuncture as intervention. All randomized clinical trials reported favorable effects of acupuncture treatments compared to baseline or control group with outcomes of efficacy rate. However risk of bias seemed high. LI4, LI11, SI3, PC3, PC6 were most frequently used for acupoints to treat upper extremity peripheral nerve injury. Conclusions These results suggest that it is recommended to develop more detailed reporting standards for acupuncture treatment method. In the future, well designed randomized clinical trials which evaluate the effects and safety of acupuncture treatment for upper extremity peripheral nerve injury is highly needed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 2019

Objectives: Case report is a description of medical experience that contains a patient's information and treatments. It has been used to determine the effectiveness and side effect of the treatments. Case report can be used for medical, scientific, or educational purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of case reports published in Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry from 2013 to 2017 using CARE and CARES guideline. Methods: Case reports were selected from Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry and their quality assessed using CARE guideline and CARES guideline. The items of CARE and CARES guideline were assessed as 'Sufficient', 'Not sufficient', 'Not reported', 'Not applicable'. The outcome was analyzed using case reports and items. Results: 26 case reports were selected. For CARE guideline, 'Sufficient' percentage was min at 22.2%, max at 46.4% with a median of 39.3%. Sum of 'Sufficient', 'Not sufficient' percentage was min at 59.3%, max at 85.7% with a median of 75.0%. Items 'Timeline', 'Diagnostic assessment', 'Follow up and outcomes', 'Informed consent' were not reported in more than 50% of all case reports. Items 'Keywords', 'Abstract', 'Introduction', 'patient information', 'Diagnostic assessment', 'Therapeutic interventions', 'Follow up and outcomes' were not sufficiently reported in more than 50% of all case reports. For CARES guideline, 'Sufficient' percentage was min at 0%, max at 50% with a median of 0%. Sum of 'Sufficient', 'Not sufficient' percentage was min at 33.3%, max at 100% with a median of 92.9%. Items of herbal prescription 'herb', 'decoction', 'use', items of acupuncture treatment 'materials', 'techniques', items of moxibustion treatment 'materials', 'techniques' were not sufficiently reported in more than 50% of all case reports. Conclusions: The reporting rate of items was good. But the quality of reporting was low. Also, particular items were not reported frequently. Therefore, there is a need to improve the quality of case reports in Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry.