• 제목/요약/키워드: Replication Model

검색결과 125건 처리시간 0.036초

Age-Dependent Pathogenesis of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection of the Central Nervous System

  • Cho, Hye-Jeong;Kim, Sungbum;Kwak, Sung-Eun;Kang, Tae-Cheon;Kim, Hee-Sung;Kwon, Hyung-Joo;Kim, Yoon-Won;Kim, Yong-Sun;Choi, Eun-Kyung;Song, Moon Jung
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.105-111
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    • 2009
  • Gammaherpesvirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has been linked to various neurological diseases, including meningitis, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis. However, little is known about the interactions between the virus and the CNS in vitro or in vivo. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68 or ${\gamma}HV-68$) is genetically related and biologically similar to human gammaherpesviruses, thereby providing a tractable animal model system in which to study both viral pathogenesis and replication. In the present study, we show the successful infection of cultured neuronal cells, microglia, and astrocytes with MHV-68 to various extents. Upon intracerebroventricular injection of a recombinant virus (MHV-68/LacZ) into 4-5-week-old and 9-10-week-old mice, the 4-5-week-old mice displayed high mortality within 5-7 days, while the majority of the 9-10-week-old mice survived until the end of the experimental period. Until a peak at 3-4 days post-infection, viral DNA replication and gene expression were similar in the brains of both mouse groups, but only the 9-10-week-old mice were able to subdue viral DNA replication and gene expression after 5 days post-infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin $1{\beta}$, and interleukin 6 were highly induced in the brains of the 4-5-week-old mice, suggesting their possible contributions as neurotoxic factors in the age-dependent control of MHV-68 replication of the CNS.

바이로이드-가장 작은 식물병원체 (Viroid-the Smallest Plant Pathogen)

  • 이재열
    • 한국식물병리학회지
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    • 제1권3호
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    • pp.199-206
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    • 1985
  • 바이로이드(viroid)는 그의 완전한 분자구조가 처음으로 밝혀진 식물병원체이며, coat-protein이 제거된 viral-RNA가 아닌 바이로이드로서의 독립적인 특성과 병원성을 가진 작은 크기의 병원체임이 밝혀짐으로써 미생물의 영역을 한 단계 넓혀서 생각하도록 하였다. 일반적으로 생각되는 미생물 즉 곰팡이, 세균, 마이코플라스마, 바이러스들이 동물과 식물 및 인체에 병원체로서 작용하는데 바이로이드는 현재까지 고등식물에서만 발견되는 병원체이다. 다라서 바이로이드가 동물 및 인체에서 아직까지 밝혀지지 않고 있는 병의 병원체일 가능성이 있으므로 이에 대한 연구가 계속되고 있다. 바이로이드는 작은 크기임에도 독자적인 자기증식을 하는 능력과 생존을 유지하는 특성이 있기 때문에 이들의 분자구조 및 생물적 특성을 연구하는데 좋은 자료가 되며, 최근에 급속한 진전을 보이고 있는 분자생물학 및 유전공학적인 방법과 기술을 이용하여 Viroid의 여러 가지 성질과 생물학적인 위치에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 앞으로 연구가 계속되어 Viroid의 증식과 병원성에 대한 문제가 해결된다면, 바이로이드병의 예방이나 치료법이 확립된 것이며 또한 목적하는 유전자를 운반하는 Vector로 개발하여 생물공학 분야에 적극적으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

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Pathogenesis of Human Norovirus Genogroup II Genotype 4 in Post-Weaning Gnotobiotic Pigs

  • Park, Byung-Joo;Jung, Soon-Tag;Choi, ChangSun;Myoung, Jinjong;Ahn, Hee-Seop;Han, Sang-Hoon;Kim, Yong-Hyun;Go, Hyeon-Jeong;Lee, Joong-Bok;Park, Seung-Yong;Song, Chang-Seon;Lee, Sang-Won;Choi, In-Soo
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제28권12호
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    • pp.2133-2140
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    • 2018
  • Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood owing to the difficulty of establishing viral infection in animal models. Here, post-weaning gnotobiotic pigs were infected with human norovirus genogroup II genotype 4 (HuNoV GII.4) to investigate the pathogenesis and replication of the virus. Three groups of four pigs were infected with $1{\times}10^5$, $1{\times}10^6$, or $1{\times}10^7$ genomic equivalent (GE) copies of HuNoV GII.4. Four pigs were used as negative controls. Blood and rectal swab samples were collected after viral infection, and gross legions were examined after necropsy. Diarrhea was induced in 25% and 75% of pigs infected with $1{\times}10^6$ and $1{\times}10^7$ GE copies, respectively. Viral shedding was detected in 50%, 75%, and 50% of pigs infected with $1{\times}10^5$, $1{\times}10^6$, and $1{\times}10^7$ GE copies, respectively. Viremia was detected in 25% of pigs infected with either $1{\times}10^6$ or $1{\times}10^7$ GE copies. When gross lesions of gastroenteritis were investigated, the ileum walls of the infected pigs were thinner than those of the controls. Villi atrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration were identified in the ileum of each infected pig. Viral capsid was identified in the jejunum, ileum, colon, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node. Virus replication was newly verified in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes by detection of negative-sense viral RNA. In conclusion, HuNoV GII.4 could induce acute gastroenteritis and replicate in the extra-intestinal lymphoid tissues in post-weaning gnotobiotic pigs. Therefore, such pigs would be a suitable animal model for studying the pathogenesis and replication of HuNoV.

Analytic Model for Optimal Checkpoints in Mobile Real-time Systems

  • Lim, Sung-Hwa;Lee, Byoung-Hoon;Kim, Jai-Hoon
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제10권8호
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    • pp.3689-3700
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    • 2016
  • It is not practically feasible to apply hardware-based fault-tolerant schemes, such as hardware replication, in mobile devices. Therefore, software-based fault-tolerance techniques, such as checkpoint and rollback schemes, are required. In checkpoint and rollback schemes, the optimal checkpoint interval should be applied to obtain the best performance. Most previous studies focused on minimizing the expected execution time or response time for completing a given task. Currently, most mobile applications run in real-time environments. Therefore, it is extremely essential for mobile devices to employ optimal checkpoint intervals as determined by the real-time constraints of tasks. In this study, we tackle the problem of determining the optimal inter-checkpoint interval of checkpoint and rollback schemes to maximize the deadline meet ratio in real-time systems and to build a probabilistic cost model. From this cost model, we can numerically find the optimal checkpoint interval using mathematical tools. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated using analytical estimates.

Stochastic simulation based on copula model for intermittent monthly streamflows in arid regions

  • Lee, Taesam;Jeong, Changsam;Park, Taewoong
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.488-488
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    • 2015
  • Intermittent streamflow is common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions. To manage water resources of intermittent streamflows, stochactic simulation data is essential; however the seasonally stochastic modeling for intermittent streamflow is a difficult task. In this study, using the periodic Markov chain model, we simulate intermittent monthly streamflow for occurrence and the periodic gamma autoregressive and copula models for amount. The copula models were tested in a previous study for the simulation of yearly streamflow, resulting in successful replication of the key and operational statistics of historical data; however, the copula models have never been tested on a monthly time scale. The intermittent models were applied to the Colorado River system in the present study. A few drawbacks of the PGAR model were identified, such as significant underestimation of minimum values on an aggregated yearly time scale and restrictions of the parameter boundaries. Conversely, the copula models do not present such drawbacks but show feasible reproduction of key and operational statistics. We concluded that the periodic Markov chain based the copula models is a practicable method to simulate intermittent monthly streamflow time series.

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Split genome-based retroviral replicating vectors achieve efficient gene delivery and therapeutic effect in a human glioblastoma xenograft model

  • Moonkyung, Kang;Ayoung, Song;Jiyoung, Kim;Se Hun, Kang;Sang-Jin, Lee;Yeon-Soo, Kim
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제55권12호
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    • pp.615-620
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    • 2022
  • The murine leukemia virus-based semi-retroviral replicating vectors (MuLV-based sRRV) had been developed to improve safety and transgene capacity for cancer gene therapy. However, despite the apparent advantages of the sRRV, improvements in the in vivo transduction efficiency are still required to deliver therapeutic genes efficiently for clinical use. In this study, we established a gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) envelope-pseudotyped semi-replication-competent retrovirus vector system (spRRV) which is composed of two transcomplementing replication-defective retroviral vectors termed MuLV-Gag-Pol and GaLV-Env. We found that the spRRV shows considerable improvement in efficiencies of gene transfer and spreading in both human glioblastoma cells and pre-established human glioblastoma mouse model compared with an sRRV system. When treated with ganciclovir after intratumoral injection of each vector system into pre-established U-87 MG glioblastomas, the group of mice injected with spRRV expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) gene showed a survival rate of 100% for more than 150 days, but all control groups of mice (HSV1-tk/PBS-treated and GFP/GCV-treated groups) died within 45 days after tumor injection. In conclusion, these findings sug-gest that intratumoral delivery of the HSV1-tk gene by the spRRV system is worthy of development in clinical trials for the treatment of malignant solid tumors.

다중쓰레드 프로그래밍을 위한 분산공유메모리 관리 기법 (Distributed Shared Memory Scheme for Multi-thread programming)

  • 서대화
    • 한국정보처리학회논문지
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    • 제3권4호
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    • pp.791-802
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    • 1996
  • 본 논문에서는 대규모 다중처리기 시스템에서 다중쓰레드를 지원하는 기법에 관하여 다룬다. 분산공유메로리에서의 주소번역표 관리, 블록 일관성 유지 방법, 그리고 블록 대치 정책에 대하여 쓰레드 프로그래밍 환경에 적합한 새로운 기법을 제안한다. 이 기법은 분산공유메모리에서 일반적으로 발생하는 문제점들인 거짓 공유, 불필요한 중복, 블록 바운싱, 그리고 주소 엘리어싱 등을 효율적으로 해결한다. 그리고 응용프 로그램의 투명성을 제공하고, 시스템의 확장과 구현 용이하도록 해주며, 다중쓰레드 환경을 사용자에서 제공한다.

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범주형 품질특성의 최적설계 사례연구 (Case Studies on the Optimal Parameter Design with Respect to Categorial Characteristics)

  • 박종인;배석주;김만수
    • 산업경영시스템학회지
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    • 제32권3호
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    • pp.135-141
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    • 2009
  • A variety of statistical methods are applied to model and optimize responses, related to product or system's quality, in terms of control and noise factors at design and manufacturing stages. Most of them assume continuous response variables but, assessing the performance of a product or system often involves categorical observations, such as ratings and scores. Although most previous works to deal with the categorical data provide sorhisticated response models and ensure unbiased outcomes, they require heavy computation to estimate the model parameters, as well as enough replications. In this study, we present some practical approaches for optimal parameter design with ordered categorical response when only a few or no replication is available. Two real-life examples are given to illustrate the presented methods.

인터넷 웜의 확산 모델과 방어 모델 연구 (A Study on the Propagation and Defense Model of Internet Worm)

  • 서동일;김환국;이상호
    • 한국사이버테러정보전학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국사이버테러정보전학회 2004년도 제1회 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.181-185
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    • 2004
  • 최근에 피해가 보고되고 있는 인터넷 웜은 최초발생 후 단 며칠 만에 전 세계적인 피해를 입히고 있다. 이들 웜들은 메일을 비롯한 기타 여러 가지 경로를 통해 스스로 복제하는 성질을 이용하여 매우 빠른 속도로 전파가 가능하다. 하지만 이를 제대로 막을 수 있는 수단은 마련되지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 인터넷 웜으로부터 네트워크 자산을 보호하기 위해, 체계화되고 자동화된 방지 메카니즘의 인터넷 웜 분야의 연구가 필요하다 이에, 본 논문에서는 인터넷 일의 확산과 방어 모델을 기술하고자 한다.

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클라우드 컴퓨팅 환경을 위한 WAN 스토리지 이주 기법 성능평가 (Performance Evaluation of WAN Storage Migration Scheme for Cloud Computing Environment)

  • 창준협;이원주;전창호
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2012
  • 본 논문에서는 클라우드 컴퓨팅 환경에서 WAN 스토리지 복제 모델의 성능평가를 위한 시뮬레이터를 설계하고 구현한다. 이 시뮬레이터의 각 클라우드는 가상머신의 역할을 수행하는 가상머신 에뮬레이터와 스토리지의 역할을 수행하는 스토리지 에뮬레이터로 구성된다. 가상머신 에뮬레이터는 R/W 작업비율 설정모듈, R/W 순서 조합모듈, R/W 요청모듈로 구성한다. 스토리지 에뮬레이터는 스토리지 관리모듈, 데이터 전송모듈, R/W 수행모듈, 오버헤드 처리모듈로 구성된다. 이 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 스토리지에 대한 R/W 비율, 네트워크 지연, 네트워크 대역폭 등의 변화에 따른 두 이주 방법의 성능을 평가한다. 그 결과 read 작업이 증가 할수록 선 복제 모델의 평균이 주시간은 감소 하지만 후 복제 모델의 평균이주시간은 증가한다. 또한, 네트워크 지연이 증가할수록 후 복제 모델의 평균이주시간은 증가 하였지만, 선 복제 모델의 평균이주시간은 일정함을 보인다. 따라서 네트워크의 지연이 증가 하는 경우 후 복제 모델보다 선 복제 모델의 성능이 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 네트워크 대역폭의 변화에 따른 평균이 주시간은 두 모델이 유사하였기 때문에 스토리지 복제 모델을 선정함에 있어 네트워크 대역폭은 중요한 요소가 아님을 알 수 있었다.