• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

Three failure cases of CNG composite vessels were reported since after January 2005. The 1st and 2nd accidents were indebted to vessel defect and installation mistake. The 3rd was caused by gas leak at pipe connections. In this paper various aspects were studied based on information of the three failure analysis, which must be improved for better safety of the CNG bus system. Overpressure region caused by vessel explosion was theoretically predicted and also assessed by PHAST program. Explosion of 120 l vessel under 20 MPa is equivalent to 1.2 kg TNT explosion. The predicted value by PHAST was more serious than theoretical one. However, actual consequence of explosion was much less than both of the predicted consequences. Since the CNG vessel was designed by the performance based design methodology, it is difficult to verify whether the required process and tests were properly conducted or not after production. If material toughness is not enough, the vessel should be weak in brittle fracture at early in the morning of winter season since the metal temperature can be lower than the transition temperature. If autofrettage pressure is not correct, fatigue failure due to tensile stress during repeated charging is possible. One positive aspect is that fire did not ocurred after vessel failure. This may be indebted to fast diffusion of natural gas which hindered starting fire.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2018

The leaves of Spiraea prunifolia were extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH and the concentrates were partitioned into EtOAc, n-BuOH, and $H_2O$ fractions. The repeated $SiO_2$ or ODS column, and medium pressure liquid chromatographies for the n-BuOH fraction led to isolation of two phenolic glucosides. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined as isosalicin (1) and crenatin (2) based on spectroscopic analyses including Nuclear magnetic resonance and MS. Extracts were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS providing a short analysis time within 5 min using MRM technique. The concentration of crenatin was higher as 9.53 mg/g and isosalicin was lower as 0.65 mg/g. Neuroprotective effects of these compounds against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced neurotoxicity were evaluated. The results showed that exposure to $H_2O_2$ induced morphological changes, cell death and neurotoxicity in SK-N-MC cells. However, pretreatment with crenatin resulted in inhibition of morphological change, reduction of loss of cell viability and attenuation of neuronal damage. These results suggested that neuroprotective effect of crenatin isolated from S. prunifolia can be a good candidate for the development of health beneficial foods which can ameliorate the degenerative neuronal disease caused by oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.200-207
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• 2019

In this study, flexible supercapacitor based on the all solid state electrolyte with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)-$H_3PO_4$, ionic liquid as a BMIMBF4 (1-buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and reduced graphene oxide/conductive polymer composite was fabricated and characterized electrochemical properties with function of its flexibility. In order to measure and compare that electrochemical performances (including cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and galvanostatic charge/discharge,after 0~100th bending test) of prepared flexible supercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide/conducting polymer composite and all solid state electrolyte, we have conducted press machine with constant pressure ( 0.01/cm2) for $100^{th}$ bending test. As a result, specific capacitance of the flexible supercapacitor was 43.9 F/g which value decreased to 42.0 and 40.1 F/g after 50 and $100^{th}$ bending test, respectively. This result exhibited that decreased electrochemical property of the flexible supercapacitor effected on physical stress on the electrode after repeated bending test. In addition, we have measured that electrode surface morphology by SEM to prove its decreased electrochemical property of the flexible supercapacitor after prolonged bending test.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

Recently, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been increasing considerably in school counseling. According to the Youth Counseling and Welfare Development Institute, the number of counseling support for NSSI adolescent in 2018 was more than three times higher than the previous year, and the average time when NSSI behavior first appeared was 12.43 years old. As such, adolesnect NSSI continues to increase in recent years, and the age is also gradually decreasing. Nevertheless, research on the motives and characteristics of NSSI among domestic adolescents is still insufficient. This may be attributed to the difficulty of conducting research because self-injury behavior is secretly performed. However, it is also true that this reality has another limitation in the school field, which urgently requires counseling intervention and prevention of students' mental health problems. In addition, counseling for self-injury in the school scene is the biggest cause of exhaustion for counselors because they are under very great stress to cope with repeated self-harm in the dual role of counselors and teachers in school situations. Therefore, this study examines the causes and characteristics of involuntary self-injury through previous research analysis, and examines various difficulties experienced as a school counselor, as well as the effective intervention method of non suicidal self-injury in school counseling.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 2023

Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability in more than 280 million people worldwide. Monoamine-based antidepressants are currently used to treat depression, but delays in treatment effects and lack of responses are major reasons for the need to develop faster and more efficient antidepressants. Studies show that ketamine (KET), a PCP analog, produces antidepressant effects within a few hours of administration that lasts up to a week. However, the use of KET has raised concerns about side effects, as well as the risk of abuse. 4 -F-PCP analog is a novel PCP analog that is also an NMDA receptor antagonist, structurally similar to KET, and might potentially elicit similar antidepressant effects, however, there has been no study on this subject yet. Herein, we investigate whether 4-F-PCP displays antidepressant effects and explored their potential therapeutic mechanisms. 4-F-PCP at 3 and 10 mg/kg doses showed antidepressant-like effects and repeated treatments maintained its effects. Furthermore, treatment with 4-F-PCP rescued the decreased expression of proteins most likely involved in depression and synaptic plasticity. Changes in the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT2, EAAT3, EAAT4) were also seen following drug treatment. Lastly, we assessed the possible side effects of 4-F-PCP after long-term treatment (up to 21 days). Results show that 4-F-PCP at 3 mg/kg dose did not alter the cognitive function of mice. Overall, current findings provide significant implications for future research not only with PCP analogs but also on the next generation of different types of antidepressants.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.572-581
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to improve the irregularity of the stress-strain curve and to ensure accuracy when calculating the damping effect by preventing members from moving in the off-plane direction due to eccentricity when loads are applied. Method: The specifications of the steel strips used in this study are the same, but the curvature of the strips to constitute each damper is different. Each steel strip with different curvature was arranged in an triangle, three dampers with different curvature were made, and repeated load tests were conducted, and the amount of energy dissipation was calculated to measure the performance of the damper. Result: The amount of energy dissipation significantly decreases compared to the case where there is no initial curvature, and the change in the test energy dissipation amount according to the size of the curvature is not large, and the presence or absence of the hyperbolic rate is considered an important variable. Conclusion: The period is about 78.7% longer from T=0.3 to T=0.536sec, and the response spectrum acceleration is reduced from Sa=0.54g to Sa=0.229g, so the damping effect of the damper is sufficient.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.299-309
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate about student's experiences in occupational therapy through clinical fieldwork, such as the change in perception of occupational therapy, the stress that students experience, and the satisfaction of clinical fieldwork. We conducted a focus group interview with 10 participants to see what they experienced during the clinical fieldwork. The contents of the interview were recorded and conducted, and the meaning was analyzed according to the focus group interview procedure through repeated listening. Components were psychological experience, professional experience, environmental experience, changes of values, and behavioral changes. In psychological experience, he experienced anxiety and burden. Experiential experience was the connection of theory and clinical experience and realization of major knowledge. In the environmental experience, we experienced clinical guidance management system, and the change of values experienced change of perception of occupational therapy and change of perception of disabled person. Finally, behavioral changes have experienced an active response through clinical practice experience. Clinical fieldwork is a basic element that prepares students to become occupational therapists. It affects the role of occupational therapist and perception performance through various experiences in new environment. It is thought that the efforts of the institution are needed. The results of this study will help occupational therapists to direct clinical fieldwork in the right direction in clinical fieldwork.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.629-646
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• 2023

Host rock of Cheonjeon-ri petroglyph is shale belonging to the Daegu Formation of Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup. The rocks were hornfelsified by thermal alteration, and shows high density and hardness. The petroglyph forms weathered zone with certain depth, and has difference in mineral and chemical composition from the unweathered zone. As the physical deterioration evaluations, most of cracks on the surface appear parallel to the bedding, and are concentrated in the upper part with relatively low density. Breakout parts are occurred in the upper and lower parts of the petroglyph, accounting for 6.0% of the total area and occurs to have been created by the wedging action of cracks crossing. The first exfoliation parts occupying the surface were 23.8% of the total area, the second exfoliations covered with 9.3%, and the exfoliation parts with three or more times were calculated as 3.4%. It is interpreted that this is not due to natural weathering, and the thermal shock caused by the cremation custom here in the past. As the ultrasonic properties, the petroglyph indicates highly strength in the horizontal direction parallel to bedding, and the area with little physical damage recorded mean of 4,684 m/s, but the area with severe cracks and exfoliations showed difference from 2,597 to 3,382 m/s on average. Physical deterioration to the Cheonjeon-ri petroglyph occurred to influence by repeated weathering, which caused the rock surface to become more severe than the inside and the binding force of minerals to weaken. Therefore, it can be understood that when greater stress occurs in the weathered zone than in the unweathered zone, the relatively weathered surface loses its support and exfoliation occurs.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.18-32
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• 2013

Objectives: In this research, the effect of Gyogam-dan (GGD) on depression and immunity were assessed in ovariectomized rats subjected to repetitive stress. GGD is the prescription consisting of Poria cocos and Cyperi Rhizoma. Methods: Ovariectomized rats were repeatedly stressed over a 2-week period. After GGD (100 or 400 mg/kg) were orally administered, Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) were performed to evaluate depressive and anxiety response. As well, the change of corticosterone (CORT) and the change of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in blood serum and in brain were mesured. Results: 1. In the EPM, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. 2. In the FST, immobility time significantly decreased in rats of each experiment group compared with the control group (p<0.01). 3. Serum CORT level were decreased in 400 mg GGD group (p<0.05). 4. On IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-4 measurement in the serum and brain, there were not significant increase or decrease compared with the control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that GGD is effective to reduce depression-behavior in ovariectomized rats. However, GGD do not has significant efficacy to reduce anxiety-behavior in EPM test. Measurement of serum CORT level reveals significant decrease and it shows anti-depressant like effect. Results on immunity are not significant.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

Objectives: In this research, the effect of samul-tanggahyangbuja on depression and learning in ovariectomized rats subjected to repetitive stress were assessed. Samul-tanggahyangbuja is the prescription consisting of Samul-tang and Cyperi Rhizoma. Methods: Ovariectomized rats were repeatedly stressed over a 2-week period. After being orally medicated with samul-tanggahyangbuja (100 or 400 mg/kg), rats performed the Morris water maze test and forced swimming test, and social exploration was assessed in a behavior test. As well, sucrose intake was measured and measurements of blood serum corticosterone and the change of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in blood samples were made. Results: 1. In the Morris water maze test, rats medicated with 100 mg samul-tanggahyangbuja mastered the maze in a shorter time on the 4th day in comparison with the control group, while rats medicated with 400 mg samul-tanggahyangbuja mastered the maze more quickly (p<0.05 on the 3rd day ; p<0.01 on the 4th day, as compared to control). 2. Immobility time in the forced swimming test was significantly decreased in rats receiving 400 mg samul-tanggahyangbuja compared with the control group (p<0.05). 3. Sucrose intake and active social behavior of rats receiving 400 mg samul-tanggahyangbuja were markedly increased in comparison with the control group (p<0.01). 4. Blood serum corticosterone measurements revealed decreased blood serum corticosterone level after medicating with samul-tanggahyangbuja. But it was not statistically significant. 5. Treatment with either dose of samul-tanggahyangbuja significantly reduced IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that samul-tanggahyangbuja possesses the anti-depressant and cognitive-enhancing activities related to menopause.