• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.149-160
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyse the behavior patterns of the first and the repeated offenders in DWI, and to develope the models of BAC(Blood Alcohol Concentration) by using multiple regression analysis method and a model of repeated DWI conviction by using logistic regression analysis method. The main results are as follows. First, the repeated offenders are more in criminal and traffic accidents records than that of the first offenders. The unlicenced drivers are in higher BAC than licenced drivers. Second, multiple regression model of BAC was developed, and the model revealed that criminal records and driving distance were important factors. Third, a model of repeated DWI conviction was developed, and the model revealed that traffic accidents records, whether or not having licence, and criminal records were most important factors.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2008

This paper discusses model building for repeated binary response data with different time-dependent covariates each occasion. Since repeated measurements data are having correlated structure, weighed least squares(WLS) methodology is applied. Repeated measures designs are usually having different sizes of experimental units like split-plot designs. However repeated measures designs differ from split-plot designs in that the levels of one or more factors cannot be randomly assigned to one or more of the sizes of experimental units in the experiment. In this case, the levels of time cannot be assigned at random to the time intervals. Because of this nonrandom assignment, the errors corresponding to the respective experimental units may have a covariance matrix. So, the estimates of effects included in a suggested logit model are obtained by using covariance structures.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.357-365
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• 2010

Workers in the agricultural industry have been exposed to many work-related musculoskeletal disorders. So, our objectives in this study were to measure and analyze worker's physiological bio-information to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in relation to agricultural works. We investigated worker's bio-information of physiological signals during the repeated lifting work such as body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, physical activity, and heart rate variability. Moreover, we analyzed the workloads of lumbar spine during the repeated lifting work using the 3-axis acceleration and angular velocity sensors. The changes of body temperature was not significant, but the mean heart rate increased from 90/min to 116/min significantly during 30 min of repeated lifting work (p<0.05). The average worker's physical activity(energy consumption rate) was 206 kcal/70kg/h during the repeated lifting work. The workers' acute stress index was more than 80, which indicated a stressful work. Also, the maximum shear force on the disk (L5/S1) of a worker's lumbar spine in static state was 500N, and the maximum inertia moment was 139 $N{\cdot}m$ in dynamic state.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.692-700
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• 2017

Based on the sexual offenses committed in school, the present study investigated differences between habitual/repeated sexual offenses and one-off sexual offenses in terms of offender characteristics, victim characteristics, and offense characteristics. We examined a total of 218 sexual offense cases committed in school. As a result, we found significant differences in the age, job, and residential area between habitual/repeated and one-off sexual offenders in school. In addition, notable differences were found between habitual/repeated and one-off sexual offense cases in the age and alcohol use of the victim. Moreover, habitual/repeated and one-off sexual offenses in school differed significantly by offense planning, method of approaching the victim, type of sexual behavior, and victim resistance. Furthermore, we conducted regression analyses and identified multiple factors that contributed to lasting of the sexual offense in school. Finally, we discussed limitations of the present study and made suggestions for future research.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1109-1116
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• 2016

There are various test methods for evaluating the reflective cracking resistance of asphalt concrete pavement. Repeated direct tensile test is cheap and simple compared to the other traditional experimental methods. Determination of failure criteria is needed to apply a repeated direct tensile test. Various methods were used to determine the number of failure of repeated direct tensile test. The number of failure was defined as the time to reach 10% of the initial load, this method can be satisfied with specified tolerance of 10%. When the thickness of specimen is increased to 50 mm from 30 mm, the failure number is increased by 13.6 times. Thus, this result shows that the thickness of pavement is a big influence on the reflective cracking resistance. Reflective cracking resistance of asphalt concrete is decreased according to the increase in opening displacement. The repeated direct tensile test can be used as a reflective cracking resistance factor in pavement design, because it can evaluate the reflective cracking resistance according to the pavement thickness, opening displacement, material properties etc.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.708-720
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• 2012

In this study, we assessed the effects of ginsenoside Re (GRe) administration on repeated immobilization stress-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the active avoidance conditioning test (AAT). Additionally, we examined the effect of GRe on the central adrenergic system by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the rat brain. Male rats received 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg GRe (i.p.) 30 min before daily exposures to repeated immobilization stress (2 h/day) for 10 days. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to repeated immobilization was confirmed by measuring serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Repeated immobilization stress increased immobility in the FST and reduced open-arm exploration in the EPM test. It also increased the probability of escape failures in the AAT test, indicating a reduced avoidance response. Daily administration of GRe during the repeated immobilization stress period significantly inhibited the stress-induced behavioral deficits in these behavioral tests. Administration of GRe also significantly blocked the increase in TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the decrease in BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings indicate that administration of GRe prior to immobilization stress significantly improved helpless behaviors and cognitive impairment, possibly through modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. These findings suggest that GRe may be a useful agent for treating complex symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated porcelain firing process on the corrosion rates of the dental alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cr-Co, Cr-Ni and Pd-Ag alloys were used for this study. Each metal supported porcelain consisted of 30 specimens of 10 for 7, 9 and 11 firing each. Disc-shaped specimens 10 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were formed by melting alloys with a propane-oxygen flame and casted with a centrifuge casting machine and then with the porcelain veneer fired onto the metal alloys. Corrosion tests were performed in quintuplicate for each alloy (after repeated porcelain firing) in Fusayama artificial saliva solution (pH = 5) in a low thermal-expansion borosilicate glass cell. Tamhane and Sheffe test was used to compare corrosion differences in the results after repeated firings and among 7, 9 and 11 firing for each alloy. The probability level for statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}$=0.05. RESULTS. The corrosion resistance was higher (30 mV), in case of 7 times firing (Commercial). On the other hand, it was lower in case of 11 times firing (5 mV) (P<.05). Conclusion. Repeated firings decreased corrosion resistance of Pd-Ag, Cr-Co and Cr-Ni alloys. The Pd-Ag alloy exhibited little corrosion in in vitro tests. The Cr-Ni alloy exhibited higher corrosion resistance than Cr-Co alloys in in vitro tests.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2020

Background: We investigated the tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of various ginsenosides, including Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and compound K, after single or multiple administrations of red ginseng extract in human beings. Methods: Red ginseng extract (dried ginseng > 60%) was administered once and repeatedly for 15 days to 15 healthy Korean people. After single and repeated administration of red ginsengextract, blood sample collection, measurement of blood pressure and body temperature, and routine laboratory test were conducted over 48-h test periods. Results: Repeated administration of high-dose red ginseng for 15 days was well tolerated and did not produce significant changes in body temperature or blood pressure. The plasma concentrations of Rb1, Rb2, and Rc were stable and showed similar area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values after 15 days of repeated administration. Their AUC values after repeated administration of red ginseng extract for 15 days accumulated 4.5- to 6.7-fold compared with single-dose AUC. However, the plasma concentrations of Rd and compound K showed large interindividual variations but correlated well between AUC of Rd and compound K. Compound K did not accumulate after 15 days of repeated administration of red ginseng extract. Conclusion: A good correlation between the AUC values of Rd and compound K might be the result of intestinal biotransformation of Rb1, Rb2, and Rc to Rd and subsequently to compound K, rather than the intestinal permeability of these ginsenosides. A strategy to increase biotransformation or reduce metabolic intersubject variability may increase the plasma concentrations of Rd and compound K.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai (ASN) pharmacopuncture. Methods: To investigate the toxicity of ASN pharmacopuncture, single and 4-week repeated dose toxicity experiments were conducted on BALB/c mice. In the single-dose toxicity experiment, mice were assigned 1 of 4 groups (5 males, 5 females per group). Then, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 mg/kg of ASN pharmacopuncture were administered to the mice in the experimental groups at acupoint ST36, while 0.2 mL of normal saline was administered to the control group at ST36. After a 4-week repeated dose regimen, the mice were assigned into 4 groups (5 males, 5 females per group). Then, 15.625, 31.25, and 62.5 mg/kg of ASN pharmacopuncture at ST36 were administered to the mice in the experimental groups, while 0.2 mL of normal saline was administered to the control group at ST36. Mortality, morbidity, general body and organ weight changes (after 4 weeks repeated dose), serum hematological and biochemical values, and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were observed. Results: In both single and 4-week repeated dose toxicity experiments, no deaths or symptoms occurred in any of the groups. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of body and organ weights, serum hematological and biochemical values, and specific organ histopathological changes. Conclusion: ASN pharmacopuncture injection did not demonstrate significant toxicity in BALB/c mice compared with the control group, with a no-observed-adverse-effect level for a single dose of >125 mg/kg, and for 4 weeks repeated dose it was more than 62.5 mg/kg/day.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2001

Purpose: The advantages of air reduction are the ease of performing the procedure, reduced radiation time and lower morbidity rate if perforation occurs. But, patients who fail air reduction undergo a laparotomy at which 10% have spontaneously reduced. The first enema decreases the edema and venous congestion of bowel wall, thus repeated reduction may succeed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of delayed repeated pneumatic reduction of intussusception in patients with failure of an initial attempt. Methods: Between January 1998 and December 1999, 21 patients with proven intussusception received repeated delayed reduction 1 to 3 hours following the first failed attempt. These patients were in stable condition and did not have peritonitis, shock or toxic sign. Results: Before reduction, the patients had symptoms and signs for 6 to 48 hours (median 24 hr). The interval from the first reduction to the repeated was 1 to 3 hours (median 2.2 hr). The success rate of repeated reductions was 76.2% (16 of 21 patients), and 23.8% (5 of 21 patients) required surgery. Four of 5 patients requiring surgery were manually reduced and 1 spontaneously reduced in the operating room. Conclusion: We recommended a repeated reduction in patients with intussusception who are in stable clinical condition after an unsuccessful initial reduction attempt.