• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.84-95
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• 2010

This study is an introductory survey of the labyrinth/maze in gardens. The term 'garden labyrinth' may seem an oxymoron given that the garden represents the terrestrial paradise, while the labyrinth is a symbol of the most chaotic face of the world. In etymological and ontological terms, however, gardens are enclosed places and this characteristic corresponds to the character of the labyrinth, which is the one of the oldest signs in human civilization, symbolizing the paths of human life filled with uncertainty and complexity. The garden labyrinth has developed in various forms and shapes since the Renaissance period. Literature and paintings contributed to the dissemination of the concepts of the garden labyrinth, especially in the form of the 'garden of love'. While the labyrinths in ancient and medieval times focused on plane shapes and symbolic and/or spiritual meanings, later garden labyrinths emphasized the three dimensional form and synesthetic pleasures. New patterns, which deviated from the classical unicursal form, emerged in the Petit Parc at Versailles in the 17th century. The garden labyrinth/maze was easy to adopt in formal gardens because of its geometric form, but for that reason, it went on to decline during the fad of picturesque garden. In this study, a brief history of labyrinths, the patterns, forms, and arrangement of the garden labyrinths in the formal gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque periods and its meanings are reviewed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2022

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the garden architectural characteristics of Villa d'Este, which occupies a major role in the exploration of the contrasting background, location, and spatial composition characteristics of Italian Renaissance gardens. The survey for the study was divided into a literature survey and a field survey, and the details are as follows. First, in the mid-to-late 16th century, the villa was built under the direction of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, and afterwards, the ownership of the villa was restored to the Italian government in 1850 due to financial difficulties. The Villa d'Este, which suffered another damage, is now operated with many visitors after going through the restoration process. Second, in the case of location, it has the characteristics of Urbana located in the city center and has valley-type topographical conditions located at the foot of the mountain.Third, in the case of spatial composition, it is orthogonal to the axis, and each part of the garden is developed, influenced by the contrast principles such as the installation of the Cortile del Belvedere and Villa Madama in the early 16th century. The main building is located in the hills so that you can see the garden and the surrounding scenery at a glance. Fourth, among the components, there were stairs, logia, courtyard, and grotto, fountains, cascades, ponds, and vegetation such as laurels, thorn trees.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to investigate the garden architectural characteristics of the Villa Medici a Fiesole, which occupies an important place in the Italian Renaissance garden, and it is concluded as follows. First, the Villa Medici a Fiesole was built between 1451 and 1457 for Giovanni, the son of Cosimo, and then owned by many people and came to the present. It was designed by Michelozzo and is the first newly built Renaissance villa to show Alberti's concept of rural residence. Second, the location is the biggest characteristic of the Villa, which was built on the steep slope of the Fiesole and offers a panoramic view of the landscape of Florence. Third, the overall composition of the garden created using the slope is based on three terraces of different heights, and the overall spatial arrangement is made up of an orthogonal axis at which the vertical and horizontal axes intersect around the villa. Fourth, in the case of vegetation and objects, old paulownia, roses, and potted lemon trees are placed on the first terrace on the three lawn flower beds. Fountain and niche are located at the middle and east end of the terrace. The second terrace cannot be reached through stairs, but only through a villa or a ramp outside the door. The second terrace has a wisteria pergola that leads to a secret garden, and in the center of the pergola, there is a staircase that leads to the third terrace. The Secret Garden takes the form of a quarter garden and consists of an oval pond, a coniferous flowerbed, and magnolias. On the third terrace at the bottom, a symmetrically geometric flowerbed spreads out on both sides of a circular fountain, and large lemon trees are in the center of each flowerbed and four magnolias are planted around the fountain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

This study aims to discuss the characteristics of garden architecture in Italian Renaissance Villa Lante that was constructed by the cardinal in Bagnaia at 16th century through actual survey and analysis of the garden's elements. To do this, it was studied in two ways: Analysis of the present conditions and review historical documents. The results are as follows. First, the buildings, the gardens and the surrounding landscapes are visually connected each other in relations between the topography and the surrounding landscapes. Second, the spatial composition accepted Neoplatonic law of multiple proportions and was influenced by ancient myth and "Liber ruralium commodorum" of Pietro de Crescenzi(1305). Third, the garden's elements consist of plants, buildings and items. In plants, the upper plants are fir tree, cypress and pine tree and the lower plants are english holly, box tree and sweet oleander. The buildings are casino, loggia and terrace. The items are pot, sundial, chair, viewing platform and fountain. The result of this study, the political and social, technical phenomena which constitute construction pattern affected the locational property and the spatial organization of the neighbor on Villa Lante.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.60-70
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• 2017

This study traces the development of physic gardens in Korea and explores their significance in the history of landscape architecture. For this purpose, records related to physic gardens from medical sources from the period of the Three States to the Joseon dynasty, when herbal medicine was systematized as a field, were searched. Physic gardens had been developed by the time of the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, in the 13th and the 15th centuries. Yakpo(kitchen gardens for medicinal herbs) were cultivated by a group of new high-level officials in the late Goryeo dynasty, when an increasing interest in hyangyak(native herbs) emerged under the influence of the Neo-Confucian perspective on nature, which emphasized locality. The sources analyzed in this study confirm that physic gardens called jong-yakjeon(royal medicinal herb gardens) were in operation in the early Joseon dynasty when policies to investigate, discover, cultivate, and research native herbs were put into place. It is likely that the jong-yakjeon were established at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty as subsidiary facilities under its central medical institutions, the Naeuiwon and Hyeminseo, and then declined in the late Joseon dynasty. Jong-yakjeon can be confirmed to have existed in the mid-15th century. Physic gardens were located in several places outside the Fortress Wall of Hanyang, such as Yakhyeon, Yuldo, Yeoudo, and Saari. The total area encompassed by physic gardens was about 160,000 square meters in the early 18th century. In jong-yakjeon, dozens of medicinal herbs were cultivated, including Schizonepeta tenuifolia var. japonica, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, and these gardens were operated by physicians dispatched from the Naeuiwon and dozens of provincial slaves. In conclusion, the jong-yakjeon were similar to the physic gardens of Renaissance medical universities in that they reflected the interest in and development of theories about new herbs, and were similar to the physic gardens of medieval castles and monasteries in terms of species types, location, and function. This paper has limitations in that it does not present the specific spatial forms of the yakpo or the jong-yakjeon. Nevertheless, this paper is significant for the field of garden history because it shows that physic gardens in Korea appeared in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties concomitantly with the development of medicine towards native herbs and functioned as utilitarian gardens to cultivate community remedies.