• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 2000

The effects of protease and/or lipase on the removal of protein soil and oily soil were investigated in this study. Cotton, rayon, nylon, and PET fabrics were soiled by padding of fresh bovine blood and spotting of mixed artificial sebum evenly. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The fabrics were washed by using Terg-O-Tometer at various conditions. Protease and/or lipase were added in the alcohol ethoxylate (AE) detergent solution. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or oil on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of protein and/or oil on the fabrics was discussed with enzyme concentration, washing time, washing temperature, pH of washing solution and fiber characteristics. The hydrolysis of protease improved effectively the removal of oil as well as protein by increasing removal of protein-oil mixed soil at the same time. The effect of lipase added detergent solution was slightly shown on the removal of oil and/or protein. The removal of mixed soils from cotton fabrics was very low because of large amount of residual soils caused by the physical characteristics of cotton fiber.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2005

Ferrous cement hydrates made from hydrating Portland cement doped with Fe (II) were reported to reductively dechlorinate chlorinated organics and to reduce Cr (VI) to Cr (III). In this study, kinetics of nitrate removal by ferrous cement hydrates were investigated. Nitrate removal kinetics were characterized by experimental variables such as cement hydration, amount of cement addition, Fe (II) dose, pH, and byproducts. As a result, hydrated cement showed better performances than non-hydrated cement due to the formation of LDH (layered double hydroxide). Doping of Fe (II) into the cement was found to improve removal efficiency at high pHs by association with Fe (II) sorbed on cement hydrates as a reactive reductant. Reduction of nitrate produced ammonium as a major product, which accounted for 63.5% of the final products, and nitrite (0.15%) as a minor product. These results indicate that the developed media are effective as sorbent/reducing agents in the nitrate removal and the reaction mechanisms of nitrate removal are sorption and reduction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.987-991
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the removal efficiencies of COD$\_$Cr/ and color for the dyeing wastewater by the different dosages of ferrous solution and H$_2$O$_2$ in Fenton process. In the case of H$_2$O$_2$ divided dosage for the Fenton's reagent 7:3 of H$_2$O$_2$ was more effective than 3:7 to remove COD$\_$Cr/ and color. The results showed that COD$\_$Cr/ was mainly removed by Fenton coagulation, where the ferric ions are formed in the initial step of Fenton reaction. On the other hand color was removed by Fenton oxidation rather than Fenton coagulation. The removal mechanism of COD$\_$Cr/ and color was mainly coagulation by ferrous ion, ferric ion and Fenton oxidation. The removal efficiencies were dependent on the ferric ion amount at the beginning of the reaction. However, the final removal efficiency of COD$\_$Cr/ and color was in the order of Fenton oxidation, ferric ion coagulation and ferrous ion coagulation. The reason of the highest removal efficiency by Fenton oxidation can be explained by the chain reactions with ferrous solution, ferric ion and hydrogen peroxide.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2013

The present study was conducted to investigate phosphate removal from aqueous solution using industrial wastes, red mud (RM), acid treated red mud (ATRM) and converter furnace steel slag (CFSS). The chemical composition of adsorbents was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Batch experiments and elution experiments using water tank were performed to examine environmental factors that influences on phosphate removal. Kinetic sorption data of RM, ATRM, and CFSS were described well by the pseudo second-order kinetic sorption model, and equilibrium sorption data of all adsorbents obeyed Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption capacities of adsorbents followed order: ATRM (7.06 mg/g)>RM (4.34 mg/g)>CFSS (1.88 mg/g). Increasing pH from 3 to 11, the amount of adsorbed phosphate on all RM, ATRM, and CFSS were decreased. The presence of sulfate and carbonate decreased the phosphate removal of RM and ATRM but did not influence on the performance of CFSS. The phosphate removal of RM, ATRM, and CFSS was greater in seawater than deionized water, resulting from the presence of cations in seawater. The water tank elution experiments showed that RM capping blocked the elution of phosphate effectively. It was concluded that the adsorbents can be successfully used for the removal of the phosphate from the aqueous solutions.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.A
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• pp.181-188
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• 2006

In this study, we analyzed the effects of several process variables on the removal efficiencies of NO and $SO_2$ by the dielectric barrier discharge process combined with photocatalysts. The $TiO_2$ photocatalysts were coated onto the spherical-shaped glass beads as dielectric materials by the dip-coating method to analyze the effects of photodegradation reaction on the NO and $SO_2$ removal. As the voltage applied to the plasma reactor increases, or as the pulse frequency of applied voltage increases, the NO and $SO_2$ removal efficiencies increase. Also as the residence time increases, or as the initial concentration of NO decreases, the NO and $SO_2$ removal efficiencies increase. The higher the amount of $TiO_2$ particles coated onto the glass bead is, the larger the surface area of $TiO_2$ particles for the photodegradation reaction is and the NO and $SO_2$ are removed more quickly by the faster photodegradation reactions.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of electrolyte addition on the removal of organics and nutrients in electrochemical wastewater using a copper electrode, and the characteristics of the by-product of electrolysis were investigated. The removal of organics increased significantly as shorter reaction times upon the addition of chloride ion, and most of the electrolysis reaction was completed within 20 min. The reaction rate gradually increased in proportion to the $Cl^-$/COD ratio, whereas the highest removed mass of organic matter per mass of added electrolyte was observed at a $Cl^-$/COD ratio of 1. After the addition of electrolyte, significant removal of ammoniacal nitrogen was observed as a result of the enhanced generation of oxidizers such as hypochlorite. Excellent phosphorus removal was also achieved in a very short reaction time (within 2 min) by electro-coagulation. As the electrolysis progressed, the amount of by-product increased gradually, whereas a decrease of sludge volume index was observed after the addition of electrolyte. This indicated that the settling performance of the by-products was better, and their removal would be easily achieved.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2002

This paper was investigated to clarify the possibility of a biodegradation of materials adsorbed on different porous granular-activated carbons (GACs) such as coal-& coconut-based GAC. Total organic carbon, humic substance and ammonia were used to compare their removal efficiencies. The objective of this study is to determine the adsorption capacity of bioregenerated GAC. When raw water reacted with chloride, the yield of THMs increased as a function of the input amount of chloride. The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) was investigated in water treated with chlorine when humic acid was used as THM precursor. As the input amount of chloride in raw water increased by two or five-fold to remove the $NH_3$, the chloroform of the THMs significantly increased also five or ten-fold. It was found that the chloroform was significantly removed by the treatment of biological activated carbon (BAG) in comparison with the ozone treatment, and the removal efficiency of THMs in coal-typed GAC was $10-30\%$ better than coconut-typed GAC due to the biological degradation on the surface of the activated carbons.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.56-60
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• 2016

Sapphire has a high hardness and strength and chemical stability as a superior material. It is used mainly as a material for a semiconductor as well as LED. Recently, the cover glass industry used by a sapphire is getting a lot of attention. The sapphire substrate is manufactured through ingot sawing, lapping, diamond mechanical polishing (DMP) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. DMP is an important process to ensure the surface quality of several nm for CMP process as well as to determine the final form accuracy of the substrate. In DMP process, the material removal is achieved by using the mechanical energy of the relative motion to each other in the state that the diamond slurry is disposed between the sapphire substrate and the polishing platen. The polishing platen is one of the most important factors that determine the material removal characteristics in DMP. Especially, it is known that the geometric characteristics of the polishing platen affects the material removal amount and its distribution. This paper investigated the material removal characteristics and the effects of the polishing platen groove in sapphire DMP. The experiments were preliminarily carried out to evaluate the sapphire material removal characteristics according to process parameters such as pressure, relative velocity and so on. In the experiment, the monitoring apparatus was applied to analyze process phenomena in accordance with the processing conditions. From the experimental results, the correlation was analyzed among process parameters, polishing phenomena and the material removal characteristics. The material removal equation based on phenomenological factors could be derived. And the experiment was followed to investigate the effects of platen groove on material removal characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2002

This study was carried out to find the difference in flavor compounds between cholesterol-reduced Cheddar cheese slurries and control sample. The cheeses were made by 3 different treatments as followings: 1) Control (no homogenization, no ${\beta}$-CD), 2) Trt A (1,000 psi milk homogenization, 1% ${\beta}$-CD) and 3) Trt B (cream separation following by 10% ${\beta}$-CD, mixed with skim milk at 1,000 psi homogenization). The cholesterol removals of the cheeses were 79.30% (Trt A) and 91.22% (Trt B). The cheese slurries made by the cheeses were aged at $32^{\circ}C$ for 3 wk. The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was significantly increased with storage time in all treatments. Total amount of SCFA was dramatically increased at 2 wk and maintained thereafter in control group. The amounts of acetone and acetaldehyde were slightly increased in control at 3 wk, however, no difference was found in others. Ethanol production was dramatically increased at 1 wk and decreased thereafter in all treatments. Based on our results, cheese slurries for Trt B showed a highest cholesterol removal rate. Although little difference was found in flavor production, lower amount of SCFA was found in Trts A and B in 2 and 3 wk. It may indicate that a certain amount of SCFA is decreased during ${\beta}$-CD treatment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 1999

This research was undertaken to manage the waste treatment facility in cosmetic plants more effectively, The discharge and the treatment of pollutant in cosmetic plants were analyzed. And several factors which had an influential effect of the treatment cost, were found out. Effective management methods are proposed. Since average operating rate is estimated from 29% to 56%, the facility has an 44% to 71% surplus capacity. The pollutant removal rate influences highly on the treatment cost. The amount of MLSS is the factor that effects the removal rate. Chemical cost and the amount of the sludge are the influencing factors. To reduce the waste water treatment cost,-the saving of SV3O use and the management of MLSS amount are essential.