• 대순사상논총
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• 제26집
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• pp.183-214
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to promote the understanding of the objective of Daesoon Thought through 'examining the Objectives of Daesoonjinrihoe.' The objective of Daesoon thought was set when Kang Jeungsan Sangje descended to human world, upon the plea of divine sages, buddhas, and bodhisattvas, and determined to save the world and relieve people far and wide. For building an Earthly Paradise with Daesoon thought, Sangje carried out the great work of Reordering of the Universe for nine years and passed into heaven. Cho Jeongsan Doju, who received the heavenly religious orthodox through divine revelation from Sangje, served the late will of Sangje and established Main Tenets, Creeds, and objective of Daesoon thought. The objective set by Doju was continued to Park Wudang Dojeon and formed the Objectives of Daesoonjinrihoe. The Objectives of Daesoonjinrihoe consist of three sets of objectives in sequential order, which are related in organic, mutual beneficient, and integrative with one another. The Objectives starts from individual cultivation and expand into worldly reformation: 1)one's Spiritual transformation through Guarding against self-deception 2)Renewal of human beings through Realizing Earthly Immortality 3)Opening of new world through Building of Earthly Paradise. Also, in these Objectives of Daesoonjinrihoe, Three Realms of Heaven, Earth, and Humanity keep close relations to enter into new world. These Objectives are based on the 'thought of mutual beneficence' and are realized with Daesoon thought, which is the Dao of 'Crowned King' that goes beyond the previous thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Objectives of Daesoonjinrihoe have following details in each objective as following; (1) 'Guarding against self-deception-Spiritual Transformation' is for human nature. In Daesoon thought, human has the potential to restore conscience, which is true nature, and return to undefiled essence by 'guarding against self-deception'. In other words, it views that one can reach into the stage of spiritual alignment with the Dao once he recovers conscience through cultivation of Daesoonjinrihoe based on the idea of 'Guarding against self-deception'. (2) 'Realizing Earthly Immortality-Renewal of human beings' is for ideal human character. 'Realizing Earthly Immortality' in Daesoon Thought indicates the advent of ideal human beings called 'Dotong gunja'(virtuous beings who are aligned with the Dao). They are leaders who integrate politics and religion in helping people to renew themselves and make the world into Earthly Paradise. (3) 'Building an Earthly Paradise-Opening of new world' is for ideal society. Daesoon thought aims to making a peaceful world by creating an ideal society of heaven on this earth. Park Wudang Dojeon, who led Daesoonjinrihoe, emphasized the importance of Three Basic Activities: Spreading of Sangje's virtue, Edification, and Cultivation: and Three Major Activities: Aid and charity, Social welfare, and Education. Dojeon said "One should make effort to reach the utmost goodness through enlightening their bright virtue and cultivating their talent virtue." In this words, he made clear that the Objectives of Daesoonjinrihoe can be realized when people enlighten their bright virtue and cultivate themselves with their talent virtue. In conclusion, the Objectives of Daesoon thought were clarified of their meanings by Sangje, established into laws by Doju, and actualized by Dojoen in various activities of Daesoonjinrihoe.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.151-161
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• 2013

This study which analyzed 4th century Constantinus basilica church architecture is on how the Roman basilica architecture became to christianized and christian architecture became romanized. Basilica architecture of Rome which has strong public characteristic had approach from various direction, especially it has formed inter communicable open space to center forum. Even though, the early christian church has became to bigger size on the process of domus ecclesia centered growth, but it has formed essencially unhierarchy community of home based, it also seemed to have loose religious community below hundred. The result of analyzing 22 of 4 century basilica churches had been shown that more than 60% of them were built on historical place such as tomb of martyr, nearly 70% of them were long axis type, the size of church showed up $3,200m^2$ of average total area. In conclusion, this study concluded the result of christianized showed closeness pursue holiness by separation from the secular world, and long axis it was revealed as mass for the procession ceremony of catholic church. The result of romanized occurred from the process that the basilica church abandoned the unhierarchy, small sizing, worship simplicity of early domus ecclesia characteristics and accept hierarchy, big sizing, worship formalism and complexity of Roman empire system in the roman basilica churches. Through this study it could be grasp that the romanized of early christianity bring not only the change of church architecture but also degeneration of christian itself.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2018

한옥교회는 우리나라 근대시대의 생활상을 종교적 관점에서 고찰할 수 있는 중요한 문화유산이다. 근대시대 건립된 한옥교회의 경역과 한옥 건축의 특성을 알아보고자 한다. 그러기 위해서 전라북도에 남아 있는 김제 금산교회를 현지답사 및 인터뷰, 수리보고서를 조사 분석 하였다. 금산교회는 현존하고 있는 한옥건축물로 건축적 특성을 세부적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 교육의 기능을 담당한 유광학교도 한옥건축물로 자료를 통해 위치와 규모를 짐작할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 금산교회의 경역은 현재의 담장이며 서측은 건물이 동측은 운동장이 있었던 것으로 보인다. 금산교회의 평면은 당시의 유교사상을 반영하여 ㄱ자형 공간으로 구성하여 남녀로 구분하였다. 그리고 유광학교는 2칸 규모로 강의에 적합한 ㅡ자형 통구조로 현대 교회의 진입부 부분에 위치해 있었던 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-32
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• 2016

This research intended to conduct literary research on 'Jeok' of 25 jong-ga through Jong-ga Ancestral Ritual Formalities and Food, published by the Cultural Heritage National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage during 2003~2008, and compared and analyzed an arranging method and recipe transmission process by directly visiting four Jong-ga. Religious ceremony foods of Jong-ga could be divided according to the standard of the hakpa attribute (large), regional attribute (midium), and family attribute (small), which forms a complex connection structure between the attributes. 'Jeok' arranging form is divided into '3-Jeok building method (vertical structure)', '3-Jeok arrangement method (horizontal structure)', '3-Jeok replacement method', '2-Jeok arrangement method', 'Jeon-Jeok arrangement method', and 'Others-Jeok arrangement method'. Generally, 'jeok' arrangement order per hakpa is in the order of 'meat jeok - chicken jeok - fish jeok' in case of Gihohakpa, whereas Yeongnamhakpa is in the order of 'fish jeok - meat jeok - chicken jeok'. Umoringye (羽毛鱗介), the method of laying 'dojeok' of the Gyeongbuk region, could be found in the 2nd century B.C. Chinese ancient book Hoenamja and the theoretical background was Yin and yang philosophy (陰陽論). This research has significance in terms of securing advanced results compared to advanced research that has so far concentrated on some regions and hakpas.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.7-25
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• 2009

Hakbongjongtaek(The head house of Uisong Kim family, 鶴峯宗宅), firstly built in the early 17th century, was moved to its neighboring place in the late 18th century. The man who led the relocation(移建) of the house was the eldest grandson of the family, Jong-soo, Kim. He made and overall plan and also participated in building the house. There remain four Gados(family paintings, 가도(家圖)) related to the relocation plan. This paper aims to make an analysis of these Gados, and through analysis, to find what was the essential poing of the relocation plan and how the point was represented in the paintings. The result of analysis is as follows: 1. The main focus of relocation plan was the form of Anchae(the inner house). Anchae was designed as asymmetrical form, and restricted to four kan. Only Andaechung needed to be 6 kan size for religious ceremonies. 2. For the design of Sarangchae, the displacement of large Sarangbang and small Sarangbang was an important issue. There were two ways of layout: parallel type and facing type. The latter was chosen. 3. The representation and techniques of Gado is quite concrete, in spite of differences among them. The expression of doors, windows, attic and kitchen was based on the understanding of space. Also the spatial division, which was expressed line on the grid, was based on the scaled ruler. As we've seen before, painting the relocation plan was a kind of endeavors to make the housing type as a realization of Garye. Also, we can find out that role of the eldest grandson of the family was quite important to carry out the plan. As well as, it was meaningful to examine Sadaebu (the aristocrat of Chosun)'s perception of housing.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.39-53
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• 2008

This study aims to investigate and analyze the plan and structural system of 4 kan(間) by 4 kan(間) square church built in early 20th century. At that time, three kinds of traditional wooden structure church had been built under the circumstances of transitional era : Basilica style such as Ganghwa Anglican Church, 'ㄱ' shaped style such as Keumsan Church and $4{\times}4$ Square style such as Bukok Church and Jacheon Church that are concerned in this study. Traditional plans and structural system were mixed with new religious function and transformed into korean peculiar style. $4{\times}4$ Square style is a residual product in that process. Despite of it, little concerns on it till now. The results of this study are described as follows. 1. The plan of these $4{\times}4$ square churches is divided into three areas : cathedra($1{\times}1$), attendance($4{\times}2$), and intermediation($4{\times}2$). The location of cathedra is commonly the opposition part of main gate and projected out of the building. Attendance area was also divided into two, man and woman, because of keeping a distance with each other. 2. The structural system of these $4{\times}4$ square churches are somewhat different because of their size and roof style. In the case of Bukok church, $4{\times}4$ square fall off $3{\times}3$ and $2{\times}2$ gradually and turn into paljak(八作) roof, which enable us to get in traditional entering methods. On the contrary, Jacheon church use hipped roof but almost alike pyramidal roof, which could make us not to recognize entering in the aspect of gable part.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4_spc호
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• pp.730-741
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• 2024

Pig production is one of the viable enterprises of the livestock sub-sector of agriculture. It contributes significantly to the economy and animal protein supply to enhance food security in Africa and globally. This article explored the present status of pig production in Africa, the challenges, prospects and potentials. The pig population of Africa represents 4.6% of the global pig population. They are widely distributed across Africa except in Northern Africa where pig production is not popular due to religio-cultural reasons. They are mostly reared in rural parts of Africa by smallholder farmers, informing why majority of the pig population in most parts of Africa are indigenous breeds and their crosses. Pig plays important roles in the sustenance of livelihood in the rural communities and have cultural and social significance. The pig production system in Africa is predominantly traditional, but rapidly growing and transforming into the modern system. The annual pork production in Africa has grown from less than a million tonnes in year 2000 to over 2 million tonnes in 2021. Incidence of disease outbreak, especially African swine fever is one of the main constraints affecting pig production in Africa. Others are lack of skills and technical know-how, high ambient temperature, limited access to high-quality breeds, high cost of feed ingredients and veterinary inputs, unfriendly government policies, religious and cultural bias, inadequate processing facilities as well as under-developed value-chain. The projected human population of 2.5 billion in Africa by 2050, increasing urbanization and decreasing farming population are pointers to the need for increased food production. The production systems of pigs in Africa requires developmental research, improvements in housing, feed production and manufacturing, animal health, processing, capacity building and pig friendly policies for improved productivity and facilitation of export.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제36집
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• pp.153-199
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• 2020

이글은 『전경(典經)』의 「교운(敎運)」편(編) 구절을 통해 교운(敎運)의 의미를 밝히고, 나아가 「교운」편 각 구절들의 변모를 『대순전경』 6판과 비교 대조하여 그 문헌학적 의미를 살펴볼 목적으로 진행되었다. 이를 위해 먼저 「교운」편 1장 구절에서 교운이라는 단어가 있는 구절을 찾아 그 의미를 고찰하였다. 이어서 도출된 교운의 의미를 중심으로 모든 「교운」편 구절을 분류하여 교운 즉 가르침의 운세(運勢)를 펼치는 것과 관련해서 상제의 천지공사(天地公事, 1901~1909), 상제가 준 교법(敎法), 상제가 소유한 권능(權能)과 지혜(智慧), 상제의 제생(濟生), 상제가 재세(在世, 1871~1909)시에 미래사에 대해 미리 보여준 예시(豫示)라는 『전경』의 각 편 명이 갖고 있는 의미의 큰 범주 안에서 「교운」편 구절의 세부적 의미를 찾아보았다. 「교운」편 1장에 대한 연구의 의미는 기존에 진행된 「행록」, 「공사」, 「교법」편에 이은 『전경』의 각 편(編)별 연구의 지속적인 수행이라는 면과 함께, 학술적으로는 교운의 의미를 찾고 「교운」편 모든 구절들을 천지공사라는 큰 틀 위에서 『전경』각 편 명(名)과의 상관성 속에서 살펴보았다는 것과 문헌학적으로는 『전경』(1974)보다 9년 앞서 출판된 증산교단의 보편화된 경전인 『대순전경』 6판(1965)과 구절들을 비교 분석하여 「교운」편 구절들의 변이의 양상을 알아낼 수 있었다는 데 그 연구의 의의가 있다. 이상의 연구 결과를 요약해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교운의 의미는 「교운」편 1장에서 '교운을 보다', '교운을 펴다', '교운을 굳건히 하다'와 관계된다. 상제가 9년간(1901~1909) 천지공사를 행하여 인류에게 가르침이 전해진 후 우주에 유토피아인 후천선경(後天仙境)이 이룩되는 것은 상제가 준 가르침의 운세를 따라 연차적으로 완결된다는 것이다. 둘째, '교운을 보는 것'은 상제 가르침의 처음과 마침의 전체적인 모습을 말한다. 상제가 교운 공사를 보았기 때문에 교(敎)는 상제로부터 시작되고 전개 발전하여 종국적으로 후천선경(後天仙境)이라는 상제 천지공사의 목적이 구현된다는 것이다. 셋째, '교운을 펴는 것'은 상제로부터 단순히 천지공사에서 가르침을 받았던 수교자(受敎者)로서의 당시의 종도(從徒)들의 참여의 시대를 지나, 이후 상제로부터 천부적으로 종통(宗統)을 전수(傳受) 받아 계승한 종통계승자에 의해 이루어진다. 이는 구절의 '마음먹은 대로 왕래하고 유력(遊歷)한다'는 '두목'이라는 용어로 예시된 내용이 종통계승자의 면모를 보여준다. 상제의 화천(化天) 뒤에 교운을 펴는 역할을 한다는 신앙적 의미가 내포되어 있으며 이는 『전경』의 교운 편(編) 1, 2장을 통해 연계적으로 나타나고 있다. 넷째, '교운을 굳건히 하는 것'은 상제의 천지공사로 도통군자가 필출(必出)하며, 또 음해(陰害)하지 말라는 것은 인간의 자기 수행에 의한 인격 완성의 가르침을 제시하고 있다. 이 인격의 완성은 교운을 굳건히 한다는 상제의 주장에 합치되는 인간의 수행 과정임을 보여준다. 다섯째, 『전경』 「교운」편 1장 구절들에 대해 『대순전경』 6판(1965)을 대비시켜보면, 두 문헌에서 거의 같은 구절은 10개 정도이다. 또 각 문헌의 서술이 단어 상 한글이 한문으로 축약되거나, 다른 용어로 나타나는 구절들이 있다. 내용의 서술이 몇 개의 어구 및 문장들에서 차이가 나는 구절들도 있다. 또한 각 문헌의 서술이 시기상 차이가 나는 구절들도 있으며, 『전경』 「교운」편 1장과 『대순전경』 6판 상호 간에 없는 단문(短文) 및 장문(長文)들도 교차적으로 나타난다.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.263-297
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• 2010

The relics of the Southeast Asian civilizations in the first phase are found with the relics from India, China, and even further West of Persia and Rome. These relics are the historic marks of the ancient interactions of various continents, mainly through the maritime trade. The traces of the indic culture, which appears in the historic age, are represented in the textual records and arts, regarded as the essence of the India itself. The ancient Hindu arts found in various locations of Southeast Asia were thought to be transplanted directly from India. However, Neither did the Gupta Hindu Art of India form the mainstream of the Gupta Art, nor did it play an influential role in the adjacent areas. The Indian culture was transmitted to Southeast Asia rather intermittently than consistently. If we thoroughly compare the early Hindu art of India and that of Southeast Asia, we can find that the latter was influenced by the former, but still sustained Southeast Asian originality. The reason that the earliest Southeast Asian Hindu art is discovered mostly in continental Southeast Asia is resulted from the fact that the earliest networks between India and the region were constructed in this region. Among the images of Hindu gods produced before the 7th century are Shiva, Vishnu, Harihara, and Skanda(the son of Shiva), and Ganesha(the god of wealth). The earliest example of Vishnu was sculpted according to the Kushan style. After that, most of the sculptures came to have robust figures and graceful proportions. There are a small number of images of Ganesha and Skanda. These images strictly follow the iconography of the Indian sculpture. This shows that Southeast Asians chose their own Hindu gods from the Hindu pantheon selectively and devoted their faiths to them. Their basic iconography obediently followed the Indian model, but they tried to transform parts of the images within the Southeast Asian contexts. However, it is very difficult to understand the process of the development of the Hindu faith and its contents in the ancient Southeast Asia. It is because there are very few undamaged Hindu temples left in Southeast Asia. It is also difficult to make sure that the Hindu religion of India, which was based on the complex rituals and the caste system, was transplanted to Southeast Asia, because there were no such strong basis of social structure and religion in the region. "Indianization" is an organized expansion of the Indian culture based on the sense of belonging to an Indian context. This can be defined through the process of transmission and progress of the Hindu or Buddhist religions, legends about purana, and the influx of various epic expression and its development. Such conditions are represented through the Sanskrit language and the art. It is the element of the Indian culture to fabricate an image of god as a devotional object. However, if we look into details of the iconography, style, and religious culture, these can be understood as a "selective reception of foreign religious culture." There were no sophisticated social structure yet to support the Indian culture to continue in Southeast Asia around the 7th century. Whether this phenomena was an "Indianization" or the "influx of elements of Indian culture," it was closely related to the matter of 'localization.' The regional character of each local region in Southeast Asia is partially shown after the 8th century. However it is not clear whether this culture was settled in each region as its dominant culture. The localization of the Indian culture in Southeast Asia which acted as a network connecting ports or cities was a part of the process of localization of Indian culture in pan-Southeast Asian region, and the process of the building of the basis for establishing an identity for each Southeast Asian region.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제30집
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• pp.1-57
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 세 가지이다. 하나는 한국 신종교의 대표적 평화사상인 해원상생사상의 의미를 통합적으로 이해하는 것이다. 두 번째는 해원상생과 해원공사를 후천선경 건설의 원리와 실행기제로 보고 구조적으로 이해하는 것이다. 세 번째는 해원상생사상에 내포된 사상적 특성으로 인간과 세계의 미래를 논리적으로 추론해 보는 것이다. 해원상생사상은 해원과 상생으로 구성되는 복합적 개념이다. 해원은 인간·신명·세계에 쌓인 원한과 원한의 구조를 풀어가는 것이고 상생은 서로 간에 잘 되게 하는 작용 또는 잘 산다는 상태를 말한다. 그래서 해원상생은 원한을 풀고 서로 잘 산다는 말이다. 대순진리회에서의 해원상생은 그 개념이 외연적으로 더욱 확대되어 나타난다. 해원상생은 전 세계의 평화이며 전 인류의 화평으로 확장된다. 선행연구의 통합적 분석과 필자의 새로운 해석에 의해 얻어진 해원상생의 가치와 의미는 원리·법리·윤리·이념으로써 공통적으로 인존, 상생, 평화, 조화, 후천, 선경 등으로 연결된다. 이것은 해원상생이 가지는 어원적 의미보다 해원상생사상이 인간과 세계와 그 미래에 관해 투영되는 가치적 의미는 더욱 깊고 넓다는 것을 말해준다. 인존과 상생, 평화와 조화, 후천과 선경이 가지는 공통의 특성은 모두 인류가 오랫동안 꿈꿔온 대망의 실현이라는 점이다. 이점이 해원상생의 가치와 의의를 세계적으로 확산시키는 이유이다. 해원공사는 상극이 지배하는 선천시대의 원한을 해소하고 상생으로 유지되는 후천세계를 건설하는 강증산의 종교적 행위이다. 그래서 해원상생의 원리는 해원공사에 의해 인간과 세계와 그 미래를 변화시키는 작용력을 가진다. 이 글에서는 해원상생이 '인간욕망의 충족'과 인간과 세계의 '상생적 조화관계'를 이룸으로써 인간은 인존(人尊)으로, 세계는 선경(仙境)으로, 미래는 평화로 변화시킨다고 추론한다. 그래서 해원상생사상은 사회-세계-우주의 변화원리로서 작용하며, 해원상생의 사회적 실현은 인존·선경·평화의 객관적 실재로서의 그 미래를 창출한다. 해원상생사상에 대한 연구는 아직도 어려운 여건 속에서 소수의 학자들에게서만 진행되고 있다. 이런 점에서 해원(解冤)·상생(相生)·인존(人尊)·선경(仙境)·평화(平和)를 실현하는 해원상생에 관한 연구가 앞으로 더욱 더 확대되어 세계종교사상의 주요 주제로 다루어지기를 기대해 본다.