• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.187-196
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• 2010

Recently, people have been suffering from stress-related fatigue and psychological disorders. Most people depend on medicine for pain relief; many treat pain also through alternative medicine or replacement therapy. However, drug therapy has many side effects, including increased stress after the therapy. In comparison, alternative therapies such as massage and foot reflexology are less damaging to the body, and such therapies can be provided without physical or psychological discomfort. In this regard, the author had previously co-developed color foot reflexology, which combines the merits of color therapy and foot reflexology; color foot reflexology has been shown to have beneficial effects without undue pain. This study investigates the effects of color foot reflexology on the physiological response of the body by comparing the body’s response to the signal with that to the placebo. Healthy adult subjects were selected for the experiment, which was conducted under optimal experimental conditions and design. The results indicated that when stimulated, parasympathetic nerves increased in HRV and that blood pressure, pulse, body heat, peripheral blood flow were dramatically activated. However, the results for the placebo indicated minimal changes or irregular outcomes. The results provide strong evidence for the beneficial effects of the color foot reflexology instrument on the autonomic nervous system and on the physiological response of the body. Future research is warranted to verify the results of the current study by examining patients suffering from diseases and disorders arising from irregular physiological functions in the context of the foot.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_2
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• pp.989-1006
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• 2020

Building change monitoring based on building detection is one of the most important fields in terms of monitoring artificial structures using high-resolution multi-temporal images such as CAS500-1 and 2, which are scheduled to be launched. However, not only the various shapes and sizes of buildings located on the surface of the Earth, but also the shadows or trees around them make it difficult to detect the buildings accurately. Also, a large number of misdetection are caused by relief displacement according to the azimuth and elevation angles of the platform. In this study, object-based building detection was performed using the azimuth angle of the Sun and the corresponding main direction of shadows to improve the results of building change detection. After that, the platform's azimuth and elevation angles were used to detect changed buildings. The object-based segmentation was performed on a high-resolution imagery, and then shadow objects were classified through the shadow intensity, and feature information such as rectangular fit, Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) homogeneity and area of each object were calculated for building candidate detection. Then, the final buildings were detected using the direction and distance relationship between the center of building candidate object and its shadow according to the azimuth angle of the Sun. A total of three methods were proposed for the building change detection between building objects detected in each image: simple overlay between objects, comparison of the object sizes according to the elevation angle of the platform, and consideration of direction between objects according to the azimuth angle of the platform. In this study, residential area was selected as study area using high-resolution imagery acquired from KOMPSAT-3 and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Experimental results have shown that F1-scores of building detection results detected using feature information were 0.488 and 0.696 respectively in KOMPSAT-3 image and UAV image, whereas F1-scores of building detection results considering shadows were 0.876 and 0.867, respectively, indicating that the accuracy of building detection method considering shadows is higher. Also among the three proposed building change detection methods, the F1-score of the consideration of direction between objects according to the azimuth angles was the highest at 0.891.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.495-500
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• 1993

Background: For the relief of the occlusion of major bronchi, laser therapy, radiation therapy or combined therapy is generally used. But the effect of radiation therapy is very slow and not consistent and laser therapy requires expensive equipments and technical expertise with occasional serious side effects. Direct ethanol injection has been widely used for the control of bleeding in gastrointestinal lesion, esophageal varices or renal cell carcinoma with good results. So we tried direct injection of ethanol into the tumor to relieve the obstruction of major bronchus in 11 patients. Method: All procedures were done under the fiberoptic bronchoscopy with continuous oxygen supplement and aliquoted 0.5-1.0 ml of absolute ethanol directly into the tumor through the endobronchial aspiration needle. The tumor was endoscopically removed with a biopsy forceps immediately after ethanol injection. The whole procedure was repeated 3-4 days interval until the lumen opens. Usually after 2-3 trials of ethanol injection, the lumen opened up. Results: The immediate effect of ethanol injection was whitening of the mucosa and prompt cessation of bleeding. The late effect was necrosis of the tumor. The final results of this procedure were improvement of symptoms and reexpnasion of the lung in all patients. $FEV_{1.0}$ and FVC were improved and $PaO_2$ was increased from $68.1{\pm}9.2$ mmHg to $83.9{\pm}8.1$ mmHg, $SaO_2$: from $94{\pm}8.5%$ to $96.6{\pm}1.1%$, and $AaDO_2$ was reduced from $26.5{\pm}8.5$ mmHg to $10.9{\pm}9.1$ mmHg. Conclusion: Direct ethanol injection into the tumor tissue is a rapid, cheap and relatively safe method of relieving the complete occlusion of major bronchus.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2008

Background: The efficacy of the use of the interventional bronchoscope for palliation of patients with central airway obstruction has been established. In the palliative setting to alleviate central airway obstruction, the use of laser resection, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation, photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy can provide relief of an airway obstruction. Cryotherapy is the therapeutic application of extreme cold for the local destruction of living tissue. Recently, this technique has been used for endoscopic management of central airway obstructions in Korea. We report the role and complications of the use of cryotherapy for airway obstructions in patients with advanced lung cancer. Methods: We used a flexible cryoprobe for cryotherapy using nitrous oxide as a cryogen. The cryoprobe was applied through the working channel of a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. The temperature of the tip was approximately $-89^{\circ}C$, and the icing time was 5~20 seconds. Results: Four patients with a central airway obstruction from advanced lung cancer were treated with cryotherapy. Three of the four patients were treated successfully and the airway obstruction was improved after the cryotherapy procedure. Dyspnea, hypoxia and atelectais were improved in three cases. Two patients experienced complications- one patient experienced pneumomediastinum and the other patient experienced massive hemoptysis during the cryotherapy procedure. However, these complications resolved and did not influence mortality. Conclusion: This technique is effective and relatively safe for palliation of inoperable advanced lung cancer with a central airway obstruction.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 2006

Purpose: We reported the results and efficiency of arthroscopic treatment in a state of the lateral traction about the degenerative arthris of elbow Materials and Methods: Twenty one elbows with the degenerative arthritis who were followed up for at 12 months were enrolled in this study. Male were 15 cases, female were 6 cases, the mean age was 47 years and right dominant hand was 14 cases. In all cases, during arthroscopic treatment under the traction of 10 pounds, we had done synovectomy, excision of loose body and anteroposterior spur. After operation, immobilization was done in the full extension state, and then continuous passive motion (CPM) was started two day Results: The average preoperative ROM of the elbow joint was $30{\sim}l15$ degree and the average postoperative ROM of the elbow joint was $5{\sim}130$ degree. The increasement of ROM was totally 41 degree in extension 25 degree and flexion 16 degree. The decrement of VAS in pain was from 7.5 into 2.3 and the increasement of the satisfactory function was from 1.8 into 9.0. Complication was in two cases. One was paresthesia of ulnar nerve, but resolved. The other was bullae formation around the elbow joint, but cured. Conclusion: Regarding degenerative arthritis of elbow, arthroscopic treatment showed excellent result in recovery of range of motion and relief of pain. We could obtain good visual field with distraction in lateral position.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-76
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to identify the contents and satisfaction level of the patients received home care service, and to compare the differences of the contents by the characteristics of the patients. Seventy eight patients received home care service from 1st Jan. to 30th Sept., 1996 were data-collected to analyze the contents and outcomes of home care service. Sixty-nine patients currently receiving home care service were participated to evaluate the satisfaction level of home care service. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA by SPSS $PC^+$ program. The findings of this study were as follow : 1. The contents & outcomes of home care service 1) The mean age of the subjects was 64.4 years: 58% of them were female. Those who living in Seoul were 83% and the rest of the subjects was living in Kyung-Gi. 2) The subjects who had one diagnosis were 41%. Over 60% of them had the disease of neurologic & sensory system. 3) The mean number of visit was 6. Only one visit was 22%. The mean time of care was 79 minutes. Duration of visit from 31 minutes to 60 minutes were 47 %. The subjects who terminated the visit because of death were 67.3%. 62% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 4) The pain after the service was more relieved than before. The amounts of intake, the degree of bed sore, edema & fracture after the service were more improved than before. Health status after the service was improved in general. 5) There were significant differences between initial and last conscious level in tracheostomy care & oxygen inhalation care. There was significant difference between initial and last degree of activity in blood sugar check. 6) There were significant differences on the number of visit in assessment of the status, evaluation & observation, vital sign check, skin care, injection, medication, bed sore care, colostomy care, relaxation therapy for pain relief, patient education, family care, exercise therapy, position change, supply of disinfected equipments and infection control. There were significant differences on visiting time in nasogastric tube care, drainage tube care and oxygen inhalation care. 2. The satisfaction level of home care service 1) 50% were male. Over 60 years of the subjects was 61 %. Those who living in Seoul were 82%. 2) The subjects who had one or two diagnosis were 32% respectively. 55% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 3) Total level of satisfaction of home care service was very high. 4) The older the age, the higher the satisfaction level. The larger the number of visit, the higher the satisfaction level. 5) The subjects who were in cloudy state were higher level of satisfaction than in alert or coma state. The subjects whose activity were normal or who needed assistance were higher level of satisfaction than bedridden or immobilized subjects. These findings suggested that the patients had substantial need for posthospital care. They tended to be elderly and to have experienced the wide range of health problems associated with aging, chronicity, including limitations in activities, and other serious health problems. So, the nationwide home care systems beyond the limit of demonstration program by local association and the development of the effective financial system of home based health care are necessary for the clients who are in need of home care.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2012

Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical outcome of arthroscopic debridement of anterior compartment and mini-open resection of posterior osteophyte for the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the elbow. Materials and Methods: Between March 2003 and Feburary 2010, 19 cases who were performed arthroscopic debridement of anterior compartment and resection of posterior osteophyte through mini-open procedure for refractory osteoarthritis of the elbow were enrolled. Average follow-up period was 19 months. Mean age was 49 years old. Clinical results were evaluated by the scoring system of Andrew-Carson Rating Scale (ACRS) and Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Results: In the range of motion, flexion contracture was improved from $28.7^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $17.9^{\circ}$ postoperatively, further flexion was improved from $105.1^{\circ}$ to $121.8^{\circ}$. In the scoring system of MEPS, score was improved from 51.1 points preoperatively to 87.9 points in last follow up, 3 cases had in excellent result, 13 good and 3 fair. According to the scoring system of ACRS, score was improved from 92.9 points to 168.2 points, 3 excellent, 14 good and 2 fair. Except one case, all cases returned to preoperative ordinary daily living activity and their own job. Conclusion: For the treatment of refractory osteoarthritis of the elbow, arthroscopic debridement of the anterior compartment and mini-open resection of posterior osteophyte would be helpful on pain relief and functional recovery of the elbow. But this procedure was required long term follow-up in aspect of recurrence of osteophytes and progress of arthritis of the elbow.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.577-592
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• 1996

The forming process of poverty region in Taegu and the feature of its spatial distribution which are reviewed hitherto can be summarized like this. 1) In the froming porcess of poverty region in Taegu, during the soverignty of Japanese Empire petty farmers became tenantry by the colonial agricultural policy of Japanes Empire and some of those came into the city and g\became urban poor class. They generally lived in poor houses or dugouts in the city, and 6.6$\circ$ of poor house and dugouts of the whole country were in Taegu and 4.9$\circ of the popolatio in Taegu resided there. During the period of disorder, because of the historic accidents, such as the restoration of independence and Korean War, the returnees from aboad and refugees converged into the big city so that those who need the country's relief stood out as new poor class. They generally made their dwellings with tents and straw-bags on vacant grounds in suburbs living form hand to mouth and shaped the poor houses area, so-clalled "Liberated Village". During the developing period, the number of those who need aid gradually decreased, but the problem of poor people by the city-concentration of the poeple who shifted from agricultrual jobs by economic development came to the front. They mostly lived in squatter area forming large poor class area, and generally located near the center of Taegu consisiting of West. South. East Ward. 2) Reviewing the the feature of spatial distribution, the proportion of poor class are highest within 1~2km from the center of the city and also high within 2~3km form the center and suburbs. The poor class area in the center of the city are mostly cleared and removed area and in suburbs by the construction of permanently leased, and leased apartments large grouped poor class areas are forming. In Taegu, 16 low-income class group residence areas and residential environement improving areas are dispersed so that they came under the so-called poor class area. But by the improvement of dewelling environment and living the poor people who lived in groups dispersed or bettered their living for themselves, so the poverty area is greatly chaning into average-levelled residence area, and on the other hand, large poor people's apartment complexes are being constructed in suburbs. 3) Up to now, the distribution of poverty area could be limited its scale to generally the area within 1~3km because the poverty region which had been in suburbs relatively came near the center of the city by the rapid urbanization and poor people preferred that area because of the living convenience facilities as well as the transportation facilities and job-hunting being near the center of the city. But now poor people's apartment complex is being constructed regardless of their zone of job sites, so the low proportion of occupation is pointed as a new problem.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2011

Purpose: We compared with USG-guided steroid injection group and blind steroid injection group for the treatment of calcific tendinitis to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment modalities. Materials and Methods: We reviewed two groups of calcific tendinitis treated with steroid injection and follow up upto 6 month after injection. Group I was blind injection for 88 patient with average age of 53years old and female gender in 77%. Group II was USG- guided injection for 102 patients with average age of 54years old and female gender in 85%. We compared follow up results according to age, gender, size of tendon involvement, initial VAS score, and phase of the calcific tendinitis between two groups. Results: At 6 month's follow up period, USG-guided injected group was more prevalent compared to blind injection group with 92%(94/102) and 72%(64/88) (P<0.05). In Group I, 77%(49/64) patients have improved symptom. And in Group II, 92%(86/94) patients have improved symptom in formative or resorptive phase. Despite of symptom improvement, calcium deposit is remained 47%(30/64) in Group I, and 20%(19/94) in Group II. Conclusion: Conservative treatment of Shoulder calcific tendinitis patients through USG-guided injection is more effective than Blind injection in pain relief & calcium decrease. The patients USG-guided injected group was more prevalent in follow up at outpatient clinic, throughout more accurate injection with improved confidence.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2008

Purpose: The best treatment for advanced esophageal cancer is chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. In spite of the advance of multimodality therapy, most patients with esophageal cancer are treated with radiation therapy alone. This study reports the outcome of the use of conventional external beam radiotherapy alone for the treatment of esophageal cancer. Materials and Methods: Between January 1998 and December 2005, 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with external beam radiotherapy using a total dose exceeding 40 Gy. Radiotherapy was delivered with a total dose of 44-60 Gy(median dose, 57.2 Gy) over $36{\sim}115$ days(median time, 45 days). Thirteen patients(43.3%) had a history of disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, tuberculosis, lye stricture, asthma, cerebral infarct, and cancers. Four patients metachronously had double primary cancers. The most common location of a tumor was the mid-thoracic portion of the esophagus(56.7%). Tumor lengths ranged from 2 cm to 11 cm, with a median length of 6 cm. For AJCC staging, stage III was the most common (63.3%). Five patients had metastases at diagnosis. Results: The median overall survival was 8.3 months. The survival rates at 1-year and 2-years were 33.3% and 18.7%, respectively. The complete response rate $1{\sim}3$ months after radiotherapy was 20%(6/30) and the partial response rate was 70%(21/30). Sixteen patients(53.3%) had an improved symptom of dysphagia. Significant prognostic factors were age, tumor length, stage, degree of dysphagia at the time of diagnosis and tumor response. Cox regression analysis revealed the aim of treatment, clinical tumor response and tumor length as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Twenty-eight patients had local failure and another four patients had metastases. Three patients were detected with double primary cancers in this analysis. A complication of esophageal stricture was observed in three patients(10%), and radiation pneumonitis occurred in two patients(6.7%). Conclusion: The prognosis of esophageal cancer remains poor, in spite of advances in radiotherapy techniques. Radiotherapy is one of the main treatment modalities for the relief of dysphagia and treatment related complications are minimal. It is expected that the addition of chemotherapy or another systemic modality to radiotherapy will improve tumor control and increase the survival rate in advanced esophageal cancer.