• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 1973

The definition of cancer, its diagnosis and its prognosis all depend upon description of growth. To the layman a synonym for cancer is a "growth". There are no quantitative terms for the description of growth or growth rate in clinical use. There has been no attempt to assign values that would define "rapidly" or "slowly" growing. Estimates of growth potentiality are implied in the descriptive phrases "poorly differentiated" or "well differentiated", "highly malignant" or "low grade malignancy". and in systems of grading. These qualifying terms represent a personal impression, clinically useful in prognosis, but relative in nature. They do not lend themselves to uniform application or precise measurement for purpose of comparison. Growth is related to size and time. The volume of tumor depends upon the duration of the period of growth and the rate of growth. If the interval and change in volume are known. the average growth rate can be determined. If the growth rate is determined, and assumed to be constant., the duration of a given tumor and the time of inception can be estimated. The commonest concept of the origin of cancer is that as a result of a mutation involving a single cell, succeeding divisions of cells establish a colony with the characteristics recognizable as cancer. If the growth rate of the hypothetical tumor were constant it could be described in terms of "tumor volume doubling time". In the department of thoracic surgery of St. Mary hospital in Catholic Medical College, a clinical evaluation for the growth rate, degree of malignancy, resectability and prognosis was done on a total 24 cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma which contour was significant on the chest X-ray film as possible estimating the tumor volume doubling time. The following results were obtained: 1. In the cases of 6.0cm or more in diameter of minor size at operation the resectability rate was lower and in the cases of 60 days or more in the tumor or volume doubling time the resectability rate was higher. 2. If differentiation of cancer cells was lower graded in tissue pathology, the tumor volume was shorter and the resectability rate was lower. 3. The tumor volume doubling time of the primary bronchogenic carcinoma occured more over 60 years of age was slightly shorter than under 60 years of age. 4. The tumor size at operation was more important to evaluate the survival time and prognosis than the tumor volume doubling time because the tumor growth was not always constant, we presume.mor volume doubling time because the tumor growth was not always constant, we presume.

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.73-82
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 넙치에 대한 β-용혈성 Streptococcus iniae 백신의 효능을 조사하였다. 시험 백신은 10% 중성포르말린을 이용하여 최종 농도가 0.3% 및 3%가 되도록 첨가하여 제작하였으며 건강한 넙치의 복강에 1회 또는 2회 주사하였다. 그 결과, 두 종류의 백신 모두 어떠한 심각한 부작용도 야기하지 않았다. 또한 1회 접종구에 비해 2회 접종구에서 응집항체가가 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 포르말린 농도별로 비교한 결과 저농도인 0.3%에 비해 고농도인 3% 포르말린 처리 백신을 접종한 경우 1회 접종구에서는 4주째에, 2회 접종구에서는 8주째 응집항체가가 유의적으로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 항체 생성에서 나타난 차이에도 불구하고 두 종류의 백신 모두 공격 실험 결과 방어력이 인정되었다. 즉, 0.3% 포르말린 처리 백신의 1회 접종 및 2회 접종구의 경우 각각 67% 및 87.5%의 상대생존율을 나타내었으며, 3% 포르말린 처리 백신의 1회 접종 및 2회 접종구에서는 각각 70% 및 77%의 상대생존율을 나타내었다. 따라서 추후 응집항체가와 방어력 사이의 상관성뿐만 아니라 고농도의 포르말린 처리가 항원성의 변형에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.1207-1211
• /
• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer of women (23 % of all cancers), ranking second overall when both sexes are considered together. Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) is becoming an important public health issue because of the increased incidence of primary breast cancer and improved survival. The present communication concerns a study to evaluate the role of various clinico-pathological factors on the occurrence of contralateral breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, menopausal status, family history, disease stage, surgery performed, histopathology, hormone receptor status, and use of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. The diagnosis of CBC was confirmed on histopathology report. Relative risk with 95%CI was calculated for different risk factors of contralateral breast cancer development. Results: CBC was found in 24 (4.5%) out of 532 patients. Mean age of presentation was 43.2 years. Family history of breast cancer was found in 37.5% of the patients. There was statistically significant higher rate (83.3%) of CBC in patients in age group of 20-40 years with RR=11.3 (95% CI: 1.4, 89.4, p=0.006) seen in 20-30 years and RR=10.8 (95% CI:1.5-79.6, p=0.002) in 30-40 years as compared to older age of 60-70 years. Risk of development was higher in premenopausal women (RR=8.6, 95% CI: 3.5-21.3, $p{\leq}0.001$). Women with family history of breast cancer had highest rate (20.9%) of CBC (RR=5.4, 95% CI: 2.5-11.6, $p{\leq}0.001$). Use of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor positive patients was protective factor in occurrence of CBC but not significant (RR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.3-1.5, p=0.333). Conclusions: Younger age, premenopausal status, and presence of family history were found to be significant risk factors for the development of CBC. Use of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor positive patients might be protective against occurrence of CBC but did not reach significance.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.286-291
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 적효모 X. dendrorhous KCTC 7704로부터 여러 ${\beta}$-ionone 내성 변이균주를 선별하였다. 야생균 KCTC 7704는 ${\beta}$-ionone 0.021 mM 농도에서 생육이 현저히 저하되었지만, NTG처리 후 ${\beta}$-ionone 0.1 mM 농도에서 선별된 변이균주는 ${\beta}$-ionone 0.15 mM에서도 70% 이상의 상대 생육율을 나타내는 매우 강한 ${\beta}$-ionone 내성을 갖고 있었다. 여러 ${\beta}$-ionone 농도에서 선별한 변이균주들을 $20^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 회분식 발효로 배양하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 선별된 가장 우수한 변이균주는 야생균주보다 카로티노이드 생성능이 2.3배 향상(즉 $1.2{\mu}g$ of total carotenoids per mg of dry cells)되었으며 유기산과 같은 대사산물은 거의 생성하지 않았다. 여러 탄소원 들에 대한 비교 발효특성 연구 결과 과당이나 자당을 사용했을 때봐 비교하여 포도당 배지에서 최종 균체농도 및 총 카로티노이드 생성량이 많았다. 포도당이 제한되는 연속발효(dilution rate $0.04h^{-1}$) 실험을 통하여 pH의 영향을 조사한 결과 균체농도 및 총 카로티노이드 생성은 pH 4.0 조건하에서 최적인 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 2002년도 창립10주년기념 및 국립독성연구원 의약품동등성평가부서 신설기념 국재학술대회:생물학적 동등성과 의약품 개발 전략을 위한 국제심포지움
• /
• pp.113-113
• /
• 2002

Phylogenetically conserved Bcl-2 family proteins play a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis from virus to human. Members of the Bcl-2 family consist of antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w, and proapoptotic proteins such as BAD, Bax, BOD, and Bok. It has been proposed that anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins regulate cell death by binding to each other and forming heterodimers. A delicate balance between anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members exists in each cell and the relative concentration of these two groups of proteins determines whether the cell survives or undergoes apoptosis. Mcl-1 (Myeloid cell :leukemia-1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family proteins and was originally cloned as a differentiation-induced early gene that was activated in the human myeloblastic leukemia cell line, ML-1 . Mcl-1 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cells including neoplastic ones. We recently identified a short splicing variant of Mcl-1 short (Mcl-IS) and designated the known Mcl-1 as Mcl-1 long (Mcl-lL). Mcl-lL protein exhibits antiapoptotic activity and possesses the BH (Bcl-2 homology) 1, BH2, BH3, and transmembrane (TM) domains found in related Bcl-2 proteins. In contrast, Mcl-1 S is a BH3 domain-only proapoptotic protein that heterodimerizes with Mcl-lL. Although both Mc1-lL and Mcl-lS proteins contain BH domains fecund in other Bcl-2 family proteins, they are distinguished by their unusually long N-terminal sequences containing PEST (proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine) motifs, four pairs of arginine residues, and alanine- and glycine-rich regions. In addition, the expression pattern of Mcl-1 protein is different from that of Bcl-2 suggesting a unique role (or Mcl-1 in apoptosis regulation. Tankyrasel (TRF1-interacting, ankyrin-related ADP-related polymerasel) was originally isolated based on its binding to TRF 1 (telomeric repeat binding factor-1) and contains the sterile alpha motif (SAM) module, 24 ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and the catalytic domain of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Previous studies showed that tankyrasel promotes telomere elongation in human cells presumably by inhibiting TRFI though its poly(ADP-ribosyl)action by tankyrasel . In addition, tankyrasel poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates Insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP), a resident protein of GLUT4 vesicles, and insulin stimulates the PARP activity of tankyrase1 through its phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification that usually results in a loss of protein activity presumably by enhancing protein turnover. However, little information is available regarding the physiological function(s) of tankyrase1 other than as a PARP enzyme. In the present study, we found tankyrasel as a specific-binding protein of Mcl-1 Overexpression of tankyrasel led to the inhibition of both the apoptotic activity of Mel-lS and the survival action of Mcl-lL in mammalian cells. Unlike other known tankyrasel-interacting proteins, tankyrasel did not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate either of the Mcl-1 proteins despite its ability to decrease Mcl-1 proteins expression following coexpression. Therefore, this study provides a novel mechanism to regulate Mcl-1-modulated apoptosis in which tankyrasel downregulates the expression of Mcl-1 proteins without the involvement of its ADP-ribosylation activity.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2014

Background and Objectives : Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma(ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive thyroid malignancy that is associated with an extremely poor survival despite the best multidisciplinary care. BRAF(V600E) mutation is detected in about a quarter of ATC, but unlike its high treatment response to selective BRAF inhibitor (PLX4032) in metastatic melanoma, the treatment response of ATC is reported to be low. The purpose of this study is to investigate the innate resistance mechanism responsible for this low treatment response to BRAF inhibitor and its effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT). Materials and Methods : Two ATP cell lines, 8505C and FRO were selected and treated with PLX4032 and its drug sensitivity and effects on cell migration and EMT were examined and compared. Further investigation on the changes in signals responsible for the different treatment response to PLX4032 was carried out and the same experiment was performed on both orthotopic and ectopic xenograft mouse models. Results : FRO cell line was more sensitive to PLX4032 treatment compared to 8505C cell line. The resistance to BRAF inhibition in 8505C was due to increased expression of EGFR. Effective inhibition of both EGFR and p-AKT was achieved after dual treatment with BRAF inhibitor(PLX4032) and EGFR inhibitor(Erlotinib). Similar results were confirmed on in vivo study. Conclusion : EGFR-mediated reactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and MAPK pathway contributes to the relative insensitivity of BRAF(V600E) mutant ATC cells to PLX4032. Dual inhibition of BRAF and EGFR leads to sustained treatment response including cell invasiveness.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.226-230
• /
• 2009

We evaluated the efficacy of $\beta$-hemolytic Streptococcus(S.) iniae vaccine on cultured olive flounder. Three hundred flounders(weight $50{\pm}5$ g) were obtained from two farm at Wando and Taean in the southern and western coast of Korea at May and June 2007, respectively. Twenty of flounders moved in 0.5 tons aquaria in land-marine tank system of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service. Seawater was transported from the sea of Inchon in western Korea, and water temperature maintained to $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ during the vaccination and challenge test, respectively. We used the formalin-inactivated $\beta$-hemolytic S. iniae vaccine produced by domestic manufacturers. The vaccine was intraperitoneally administered to fish. The vaccinated and control group were challenged with intraperitoneal injection by virulent S. iniae SI-36 isolates with $5.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/fish at 3 weeks after vaccination. We evaluated the vaccine efficacy by calculating numbers of dead fish, and observing of clinical signs, exterior and gross lesions, and examining bacteria isolation and identification. Thirty-four(25.2%) of 135 control and vaccinated group fish were dead with serious anemia, abdominal extension, and hernia of intestine during 3 weeks post vaccination. We isolated Neoheterobothrium hirame from the buccal cavity and Edwardsiella tarda from kidney of dead and diseased fish. When infected fish with these agents were challenged with S. iniae SI-36 isolates, the cumulative mortality of control and vaccinated group were 86.7, and 46.7%, respectively. However, significant differences(p<0.05) were observed on cumulative mortality between control(20.0%) and vaccinated group(95.0%) at second trials with 40 healthy, and relative percent survival(RPS) was 78.0%. We confirmed that the efficacy of $\beta$-hemolytic S. iniae vaccine on olive flounder were impacted by health condition such as bacterial and parasitic diseases.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2003

곤충병원선충(Steinernema carpocapsae)을 이용한 지상부 가해 해충 방제는 자외선과 건조 등의 제약점 때문에 적용의 한계를 갖고 있다. 본 연구는 이를 극복하기 위한 방제 기술을 개발하는 데 목적을 두고, 기주의 지상부를 가해하는 두 나비목 해충인 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)과 담배거세미나방(Sp. litura)을 대상으로 실시하였다. 감염태 선충을 포함하는 알지닌캡슐은 이들 두 해충에 대해 뚜렷한 섭식독성을 보였다. 이러한 독성은 캡슐내에 함유되어 있는 감염태 선충의 밀도에 따라 증가하는 전형적인 양독곡선을 나타냈다. 캡슐내에 잔존하는 수분함량은 감염태 선충의 생존력에 가장 중요한 요인으로 작용했다. 캡슐내에 약 10%이상의 수분이 함유되었을 때 약 80%의 감염태 선충이 생존하였다. 캡슐내 보습 능력은 상대습도, 온도 및 캡슐의 크기에 따라 변동되나, 캡슐 형성 과정 중의 시트릭산 반응 시간과는 무관하였다. 알지닌캡슐이 15$^{\circ}C$ 증류수에 보관되었을 때, 60일 경과후에도 80%이상의 생존 능력을 보였다. 이러한 감염태 선충이 함유된 캡슐을 섭식유도제로서 사용된 파추출물을 함유시킨 후 야외 땅콩을 가해하는 파밤나방 3령충에 적용시켰을 때, 약 90%의 방제 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 알지닌캡슐이 곤충병원선충의 저장 형태의 캡슐 용도 뿐만 아니라 지상부 해충 방제용 제제화로서 이용될 수 있다고 제시한다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제108권4호
• /
• pp.484-492
• /
• 2019

본 연구는 기후변화에 대응하여 광범위한 지역에서 가로수 식재에 활용 가능한 상록활엽수를 선발하기 위한 연구의 일환으로서 국내 남부지역에서 생육하는 굴거리나무, 녹나무, 동백나무, 다정큼나무, 종가시나무, 후박나무, 황칠나무 등 7수종에 대하여 내한성을 비교하기 위해 수행되었다. 저온처리에 따른 7종 상록활엽수의 전해질 용출을 측정한 결과 처리 온도가 낮아질수록 값이 증가하였고, 전해질 용출량과 처리 온도와의 관계를 비선형회귀를 통하여 분석한 결과 도출된 함수들은 S자 반응곡선의 형태로 나타났다. 예측치사 온도를 통하여 수종별 내한성을 분석한 결과 동백나무(-11.586℃)> 다정큼나무(-9.348℃)> 종가시나무(-8.719℃)> 후박나무(-8.090℃)> 굴거리나무(-7.409℃)> 황칠나무(-7.085℃)> 녹나무(-6.995℃) 순으로 조사되었다. 앞서 평가한 것처럼 국내 남부지역의 동일한 지역에서 생육하는 7종 상록활엽수들 중에서도 상대적 내한성 차이가 5℃ 이상을 나타냈고 동일한 과에 속하는 종간에서도 녹나무과는 내한성 차이가 2℃ 이상을 나타냈다. 내한성이 강한 우수 수종을 분석한 결과 종가시나무, 동백나무, 다정큼나무이며 이들은 중부지역 도시들에서 외부 온도 조건으로 생존 가능성을 평가할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.1715-1723
• /
• 2016

복합 생약재 열수추출물(6종 혼합)을 농도별 기간별로 사료에 흡습시켜 12주 동안 넙치에 급여 후 비특이적 면역 및 질병저항성에 대한 효과를 조사하였다. 복합 생약재 열수추출물의 첨가는 어류 성장에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았으며 혈액생화학적인, 결과도 넙치의 생리에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 라이소자임 활성은 0.01%의 복합 생약재 열수추출물 농도로 흡습시킨 사료 그룹에서 라이소자임 활성이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 복합 생약재 열수추출물의 투여에 따른 넙치 장기의 병리조직에 영향이 없음을 알 수 있었다. 에드와드균의 인위감염에 의한 질병저항성은 0.01% 복합 생약재 열수추출물 농도에서 상대생존율이 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 넙치에 복합 생약재 열수추출물을 투여시에는 어류의 비특이적 면역력 증강 및 질병 저항성 증강을 나타내는 것으로 사료되었다.