• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 1972

For the purpose of ascertaining the status of physical growth and health status of the University Students, an intensive survey was conducted by the authors towards a total of 1,250 (Male 792, Female 458) who passed the written entrance examination at the Kyung Hee University in 1972. The items included the measurements on physical growth, various physical and nutritional indices, status of visual distourbance, dental status and tuberculosis. The findings and results cad be summarized as follows; 1. Physical Growth and Develspment. i) The average of body height by anthropometric was $169.39{\pm}5.05cm$ in male and $157.45{\pm}4.43cm$ in female. ii) The averages of body weight by sex were $59.42{\pm}6.47Kg\;and\;51.81{\pm}5.21Kg$, respectively. iii) The averages of chest-girth were $87.18{\pm}5.30cm\;and\;80.51{\pm}4.53cm$. iv) The averages of sitting-height were $92.21{\pm}2.79cm\;and\;86.28{\pm}2.57cm$. In all cases the male measurements were higher than female. 2. Various ludices about Physical Growth and Development; i) Relative body weights by sex were 35.08 and 32.91, relative chestgirth 51.47 and 51.13, and relative sitting-height 54.43, 54.79, respectively. ii) Rohrer index was 1.222 in males and 1.327 in females, Kaup index 2.071 and 2.089, Verveck index 86.54 and 84.04, and Pelidisi index 91.15 and 93.08, respectively 3. Status of visual distourbance The vision of the students under 0.8 with Landolt's testing chart was 45.4% in left eye and 46.6% in right eye(male: 44.4% and 45.7%, female: 47.2% and 48.0%), while under 0.6 in both visions was 41.0% and 40.5% (male: 40.8% and 40.7%, female: 41.5% and 40.2%), respectively. 4. Dental Status Out of total 19.4% (male 19.2%, female 19.6%) had gingivitis, the female incidence rate of gingivitis was higher than male. Average number of teeth in each subject was 29.6 teeth: male had 29.9 teeth and female had 29.1 teeth. The caries rate was 78.9%(male 75.6%, female 84.5%), the female caries rate was higher than male. Total filing per subject was 35.6% (male 34.0%, female 37.1%), female incidence was higher shan male. The average number of i) Caries per tooth rate was 8.5% in male and 9.2% in female, ii) Missing per tooth rate was 0.3% and 0.2%, iii) Filling per tooth rate was 3.9% and 4.2%. in all cases, the female incidences were higher than the male. The average number of D.M.F. was 3.8 teeth in male and 4.0 teeth in female, female was higher than male. The average rate of D.M.F. was 12.7% in male and 13.7% in female, female was higher than male. 5. Pulmonary infiltration Among the total, 53 students were diagnosed as pulmonary infiltration (tuberculosis), of whom 51 were minimal cases, one were moderately advanced case and one were far advanced case.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.84-99
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• 1982

Water content and its seasonal change in reprodltctive organs were reviewed in relation to cultivation practice s. Precipitati on and humidity under shade roof were reviewed in relation to shading ,jystem and environmental factors. High water content of reproductive organs suggests vulnerability to water stress during reproductive growth stage. Watering during dehisconce treat menu seems to keep optimum temperature but cnoventional practice seems to be too often In watering. Information effe on water physiology of seeds is too rare to develop seed storing method and ctive seed use. Dehiscent mechanism was considered in terms of water absorption of embryo. Precipitation rate of conventional shade roof reaclled to 38% and at line level 50% and varied with shade patterns. Precipitation rate under shade has been investigated for itself but should be investigated in relation to light intensity and soil moisture content Relative humidity under shade depends mainly on air humidity and soil moisture, considerably on shade materials and lithe on pole height, bed width or plant density. Since relative humidity was lower in afternoon it was often less than 50% even in summer with high temperature suggesting possible disorder of phi biological function especially in photosynthesis. More information was needed on optimum humidity for productive physiological function of leaf.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate growth characteristics of paprika seedlings according to various qualities of LED light (red : blue = 10 : 0, red : blue = 8 : 2, red : blue = 2 : 8, white). Plant height and stem were significantly longer or thicker as red light ratio increased. Leaf area of paprika seedlings with red light was larger or no significant differences in a mixed light of red and blue. Dry weight of seedling was in the same with the result of leaf area. Seedlings with White light was significantly less than others in all characteristics. As red light ratio was increased, relative growth rate increased. As blue light ratio was increased, the net assimilation amount increased. Considering plant height, leaf area and production ability of dry matter per unit leaf area, the using mixed red and blue lights was suitable, especially at a mixed red : blue = 8 : 2.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1583-1590
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the morphological responses of Hosta longipes, an ornamental plants for heavy metal contaminated soils in urban landscaping, to heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Zn. Plants were grown in artificial soil amended with Cd, Pb, and Zn at concentation of 0, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width, total leaf number, deaf leaf number, new leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were monitored from May to August. At 4 months after planting, the survival and morphological responses of H. longipes grown in soil amended with Cd at concentrations ${\geq}100mg/kg$ were severely affected compared to those grown in the control soil. Relative leaf length rate and relative leaf width rate were significantly decreased when the concentration of Pb was increased. Total leaf number, chlorophyll contents, and ornamental value were the lowest value in plants grown in soil amended with Pb at level of 500 mg/kg. Relative leaf length rate and relative leaf width rate, total leaf number, dead leaf number, new leaf number, and ornamental values had a tendency of decrease when plants were grown in soils amended with Zn. However, no significant difference was found among treatments except for plants were grown in soils amended with 500 mg/kg Zn. Therefore, Hosta longipes might be useful for phytoremediation of Zn contaminated sites as herbaceous ornamental plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.338-349
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate whether modular community planting, which entailed planting a variety of species of seedlings at high density, was more effective in restoring natural forests than the existing mature tree planting. We also investigated whether the planting density of the modular community planting facilitates growth or improves the tree layer coverage. We conducted outdoor experiments in which the samples were divided into a mature tree planting plot (control plot), where mature trees were planted at wide intervals, and a modular community planting (MCP) plot (treatment plot), where multiple seedlings were planted in high density. The MCP plot was further divided into the plot in which 3 seedlings were planted per m² and the plot of 1 seedling per m². We measured the specimens' survival rate, growth rate (tree height, crown width, and root collar diameter), and cover rate for 26 months from May 2019 and the predicted future tree height growth using the measured tree height. The survival rate and relative growth rate of the MCP were higher than those of the mature tree planting plot. The vertical coverage rate of the tree crown in the MCP exhibited complete coverage of the ground before 23 months, while the coverage rate of the mature tree planting decreased due to transplantation stress. The seedlings in the MCP, which were planted at high density, grew well and were predicted to grow higher than the mature trees in the large tree planting plot within 5 to 6.5 years after planting. It was due to multiple species, seedlings, high-density planting, and planting foundation improvements, such as soil enhancement and mulching. In other words, the seedlings planted in the MCP had a higher survival rate as their environmental adaptation after planting was better, and their early growth was also larger than the trees in the mature planting plot. The high-density mixed planting of various native species not only mitigated the inter-complementary environmental pressures but also facilitated growth by inducing competition between species. Moreover, the planting foundation improvement effectively increased the seedlings' viability and growth rate. A reduction in follow-up management costs is expected as the tree layer coverage sharply increases due to the higher planting density. In the MCP (3 seedlings per m² and 1 seedling per m²), the tree height growth was promoted with the higher planting density, and the crown width and root collar diameter tended to be larger with the lower planting density, but these differences were not statistically significant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.496-503
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• 2009

Reclamation area is characterized by high soil salinity and high ground water table that are not favorable environment for tree growth. However, the increasing demand to convert the reclamation area from rice cultivation fields to industrial or residential complex, or parks accompanies the idea of introduction of trees in the area. This study aimed to suggest better performed tree species for the tree planting in the Seosan reclamation area, Chungchungnam-do. Seedlings of 8 tree species (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Chionanthus retusus, Cornus kousa, Prunus sargentii, Quercus acutissima, and Zelkova serrata) were planted in 4 types of 10 m ${\times}$ 10 m experimental plots. The survival rate and the height growth of seedlings were measured from April 2006 to November 2008 on an annual basis. The experimental plots were constructed using 2 different soil material (dredged sand and dredged sand + forest soil), and 2 soil covering depth (1.5 m and 2.0 m). The tree species showed different survival rates for 3 years since planting (F = 9.632, P < 0.001). C. kousa, Q. acutissima, and P. sargentii showed high mortality rate while P. thunbergii, M. glyptostroboides and Z. serrata showed lower mortality rates. The seedling height growth for 3 years was also significantly different among species (F=4.749, P=0.002). Most of seedlings showed lower height growth in the second year, and the growth began to recover in the third year after transplanting. The survival rate and the growth of the seedlings were better in higher soil covering depth and forest soil material plots regardless of species. The combination of rank orders in survival rate and relative height growth indicates that P. thunbergii, M. glyptostroboides and Z. serrata would perform better than other species used in the experiment, while C. retusus, C. kousa and P. sargenti may not adapt well to this area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2018

This study was carried out to provide the technology of silvicultural practices and management for regeneration by sprouts in the oak forests distributed on the slope. A total of 1,451 stumps were examined for the following factors relative to the occurrence and growth of the sprouts: stump height & diameter; location & quantity and root collar diameter & height of arisen sprouts. The amount of sprouts deceased or increased as the stump diameter increased. However, it tended to increase with stump height. The difference in the stump height between direction of the upwards (DUS) and downward slopes (DDS) was occurred, because oak trees were felled lower based on direction of the upward for convenience of regeneration works on the slope. The number of sprouts was higher relatively in the stumps of DDS. The rate of arisen side and root sprouts was higher in the stumps of DDS and DUS, respectively. The stump height difference was found to affect the arisen part of sprouts. As a result of comparing the sprouts growth according to the arisen part, there was no difference in the stump of DUS, but the growth of side sprouts in the stump of DDS was higher than that of the root. In order to improve the quality of oak sprouts considering the distribution characteristics of the oak forests in South Korea, it is necessary to apply the silvicultural technique, making the cutting surface parallel with the slope to reduce the stump height difference, to suppress arising side sprouts.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2000

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of extension of grazing duration in late autumn on grass growth in following spring, in order to improve the rate of self-sufficiency for roughage feed. Plant height, total biomass and litter production of herbage were increased when the grazing was finished early in late autumn. The proportions of clover and litter, and amounts of animal intake were decreased, with extended grazing duration in late autumn. But when the grazing was finished late in autumn, the contents of crude protein (CP, %) of herbage were increased, contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF, %), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %) and crude ash (%) were decreased in pasture after grazing, therefore the contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN, %) and relative feed value (RFV) of herbage were improved. The early end grazing showed that plant height, total biomass and litter production of herbage in following spring were higher than those in late end grazing. However, increased yields were not significantly different among end grazing treatments (0.12-0.15 tonha), except for the final end grazing in late autumn (0.01 tonha). With extended grazing duration in late autumn, the contents of CP of herbage in following spring were increased, contents of ADF, were decreased, and RFV were improved. (Key words : Extension of grazing duration, Plant height, Biomass, Amount of intake, Increased yield, Crude protein, TDN) rll\ulcorner c# qiil x i 9 ~ 1 a% * (College of Natural Resources, Taegu Univ., Kyongsan, 71 2-714, Korea) * $4 4 qiil 34 qq(Co1lege of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Yonsei Univ., Wonju, 220-701, Korea) '* 8 * jL@%ft@ &@%(Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, 060 Japan)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.207-212
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• 1980

Growth rates of oysters at four oyster farms in Hansan-Geoje Bay, near Chungmu, southern Korea, and density-dependent relative shell growth were investigated from November 1979 to May 1980 with the following results: The oysters at Sorang farm showed the best growth, the shell height in May 1980 attaining 10.10 cm, at Hwado 8.69cm and Songdo 8.57cm, all of which started growing in June 1979. At Chubong the oysters which started growing in July attained 8.6cm. The best grown oysters at Sorang shelved relatively slow growth in meat weight until February 1980, and then showed rapid growth upto May. At Hwado and Songdo they grew fast from December 1979 to February 1950, and from April to May 1980. Those at Chubong gradually increased growth rate from December 1979, and in April and May they showed rapid growth but still being smaller than the others. The ratio of meat weight to shell weight increased at Whado, Songdo and Chuhong after December 1979, but at Sorang it increased rapidly after February 1980. The ratio of shell length to shell height was 0.60 and up when the individual number of oysters attached to each cultch-disc(oyster shell) was less than 13, 0.56 to 0.60 when 14 to 25, and 0.51 or less when over 28, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.475-481
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• 1996

This study was carried out to acquire the basic information of root growth under different pot size, imposing different space limitation on rhizosphere. Different size of pots that had same surface area but different depth, 5cm(Iength)$\times$5cm(width)$\times$30, 15, 5cm(depth), were used during the seedling stage of tobacco plant. Space limitation on rhizosphere affected not only the aerial growth, stem height, leaf area and shoot dry weight, but also root growth and root architecture. Aerial growth was highly related to growth of underground part, so space limitation on rhizosphere decreased aerial growth. Limitation on pot volume by reducing pot depth induced new rooting on crown. Root number and relative multiplication rate were higher in small pot that had 5cm depth than large pot, but total root length and mean extension rate showed reverse patterns. Root numbers of 1st order and 2nd order were increased as pot depth was increased, but the root number of 3rd order was increased in small pot. Root system of seedling grown in large pot distributed more horizontally than that in small pot at 20 days after temporary planting (DAT), but the root architecture of seedling was reversed at 25 DAT.