• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.24-36
• /
• 2011

A new approach for spacecraft absolute attitude estimation based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is extended to relative attitude estimation and navigation. This approach for nonlinear systems has faster convergence than the approach based on the standard extended Kalman filter (EKF) even with inaccurate initial conditions in attitude estimation and navigation problems. The filter formulation employs measurements obtained from a vision sensor to provide multiple line(-) of(-) sight vectors from the spacecraft to another spacecraft. The line-of-sight measurements are coupled with gyro measurements and dynamic models in an UKF to determine relative attitude, position and gyro biases. A vector of generalized Rodrigues parameters is used to represent the local error-quaternion between two spacecraft. A multiplicative quaternion-error approach is derived from the local error-quaternion, which guarantees the maintenance of quaternion unit constraint in the filter. The scenario for bounded relative motion is selected to verify this extended application of the UKF. Simulation results show that the UKF is more robust than the EKF under realistic initial attitude and navigation error conditions.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 1992.10a
• /
• pp.147-152
• /
• 1992

This paper describes a new approach that can extract the relative shift vectors between two aerial image sequences for implementing the visual navigation system. This method minimizes the noise included in the aircraft attitude information that represents the changes of the aircraft attitude using the statistical method and Kalman Filtering method. This result can be used to find the relative shift vectors which are independent of the attitude changes indicating the true trajectories of aircraft. We applied this method to the image about which we had already known the information of aircraft attitude, and that result showed that the errors were minimized successfully.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.78-95
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to define areas and standards of kindergarten teacher's competency through survey research and interview with early childhood education community - kindergarten teachers, vice principals, principals, administrators, parents, and professors in early childhood education. Raw data from 62 interviewees were grouped into 25 codes including 'professional knowledge about young children's developmental characteristics, and labeled for representative themes. Based on the result of interview analysis, two areas of 'knowledge and skill' area (15 standards) and 'attitude and grounding' area (20 standards) were classified, survey researched for appropriateness and relative importance of each standard. 704 members of early childhood education community were collected through stratified sampling. The research findings indicate that 'observation and evaluation ability for young children' and 'affection for young children' showed high appropriateness in 'knowledge and skill area' and 'attitude and grounding area', respectively. In the relative importance analysis, 'understanding of young children's development', 'understanding of curriculum for young children', and 'understanding of young children's behavioral problem and counseling' for knowledge and skill area, and 'respect for young children', 'affection for young children', responsibility', 'positive attitude' for attitude and grounding area showed high relative importance in order.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.45-74
• /
• 2017

The current research proposes to fill a research gap by testing how reward uncertainty, different types of motivation, as well as individual risk-taking attitude affect consumers' promotion participation. Being offered with an uncertain reward, relative to individuals with extrinsic motivation, individuals with intrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. In contrast, being offered with a certain reward, relative to individuals with intrinsic motivation, individuals with extrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. This effect arises only among consumers having a low level of risk-taking attitude. For consumers having a high level of risk-taking attitude, their participation intention shows no significant difference between the two motivation type groups, under both certain and uncertain reward conditions. With an understanding of how consumer's response heterogeneously to promotions involving rewards, marketers can better understand not only how to use this promotional tactic more effectively, but also how to better allocate their budget for promotions.

• Journal of Power Electronics
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.631-642
• /
• 2009

The sun is a useful reference direction because of its brightness relative to other astronomical objects and its relatively small apparent radius as viewed by spacecrafts near the Earth. Most satellites use solar power as a source of energy, and so need to make sure that solar panels are oriented correctly with respect to the sun. Also, some satellites have sensitive instruments that must not be exposed to direct sunlight. For all these reasons, sun sensors are important components in spacecraft attitude determination and control systems. To minimize components and structural mass, some components have multiple purposes. The solar cells will provide power and also be used as coarse sun sensors. A coarse Sun sensor is a low-cost attitude determination sensor suitable for a wide range of space missions. The sensor measures the sun angle in two orthogonal axes. The Sun sensor measures the sun angle in both azimuth and elevation. This paper presents the development of a model to determine the attitude of a small cube-shaped satellite in space relative to the sun's direction. This sensor helps small cube-shaped Pico satellites to perform accurate attitude determination without requiring additional hardware.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.42-55
• /
• 2014

This study examined the relative importance level of experience marketing on brand attitude and brand loyalty in beauty salon franchise stores, and attempted to raise the competitiveness of beauty salon services by presenting this elements as experience marketing strategy directions for beauty salon franchise store management. A questionnaire was used for this study on 350 adults residing in Gwangju Metropolitan City and SPSS 20.0 statistics package was used for analysis. In summary, the results of this study are as follows. First, five factors that make up experience marketing in beauty salon franchise stores were found. They were sensory marketing, relative marketing, emotional marketing, cognitive marketing and behavior marketing. Brand loyalty was categorized into the two factors, attitude loyalty and behavioral loyalty. Also, we found that experience marketing had a statistically positive impact on brand loyalty. Secondly, experience marketing of beauty salon franchise stores was found to have a statistically significant positive effect on brand attitude. Thirdly, we found that the brand attitude of beauty salon franchise stores had a statistically significant positive effect on brand loyalty.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 1989

This paper presents stochastic-statistical dominance rules which eliminate dominated alternatives thereby reduce the number of satisficing alternatives to a manageable size so that the decision maker can choose the best alternative among them when neither the utility function nor the probability distribution of outcomes is exactly known. Specifically, it is assumed that only the characteristics of the utility function and the value function are known. Also, it is assumed that prior probabilities of the mutually exclusive states of nature are not known, but their relative bounds are known. First, the notion of relative risk aversion is used to describe the decision maker's attitude toward risk, which is defined with the acknowledgement that the utility function of the decision maker is a composite function of a cardinal value function and a utility function with-respect to the value function. Then, stochastic-statistical dominance rules are developed to screen out dominated alternatives according to the decision maker's attitude toward risk represented in the form of the measure of relative risk aversion.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.9 no.8
• /
• pp.341-349
• /
• 2009

This study compares the relative effectiveness of affective factor(Ad attitude) and cognitive factor(Brand cognition) on brand attitude among three ad types - direct comparative, indirect comparative, and noncomparative ads. The results showed that in direct comparative advertising context the brand cognition is dominant in determining brand attitude. In indirect comparative advertising context brand cognition is also dominant in determining brand attitude, but the difference is less than direct comparative advertising. In noncomparative advertising context the ads attitude is dominant in determining brand attitude. According to research outcomes, it could be said that direct comparative advertising is more effective than indirect comparative advertising.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to activate the disposition behaviour of dealing with the recyclable clothes by using the primary causes related to the behaviour. The summary of the outcome of this research is as follows. First. the attitude of girl students toward the consumption of their clothes is of great value. It presents the attitudes toward both the internal incentive and the external incentive are of great value and the attitude toward the external incentive has a little higher level than the attitude toward the internal incentive does : the altruistic behaviour of high school girls who tend to simply give or donate their clothes to their relatives or neighbors has a higher level than the economic behaviour by barter or sale at second-hand. Second. there's a positive correlation between the attitude toward the consumption of clothes and the altruistic behaviour in dealing with clothes and there is not a significant correlation between the attitude toward the consumption of clothes and the economic behaviour. The attitude toward the internal incentive has a positive correlation with the altruistic disposition. This research shows that there's a positive correlation between the attitude toward the external incentive and the economic disposition behaviour and the altruistic disposition behaviour. Third. the relative power of influence of the related variables that have an effect on the altruistic disposition behaviour shows that the attitude toward the internal incentive comes first and the personal contact with the information comes second. the attitude toward the consumption of clothes comes third and the existence of mother's job comes last in order of influence. The relative power of influence of the related variables that have an effect on the economic disposition behaviour shows that grades and the attitude toward the external incentive comes first and the existence of siblings comes next in order of influence.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.101-117
• /
• 2013

This study compares the relative effectiveness of affective factor(Ad attitude) and cognitive factor(candidate cognition) on candidate attitude among three ad types - direct comparative, indirect comparative, and noncomparative ads. The results showed that in direct comparative advertising context the candidate cognition is dominant in determining candidate attitude. In indirect comparative advertising context candidate cognition is also dominant in determining candidate attitude, but the difference is less than direct comparative advertising. In noncomparative advertising context the ads attitude is dominant in determining candidate attitude. According to research outcomes, it could be said that direct comparative advertising is more effective than indirect comparative advertising in political advertising area.