• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2014

Relativization is one of the common syntactic operations to merge two different clauses into a single information unit. This operation plays a pivotal role to structuralize multiple clauses cohesively as well as serves to specify the property an individual has within the context. That implies that relativization contributes to information structure of multiclausal sentences. In this context, this paper delves into information structure of relative clauses in English with an eye toward creation of a computational model from a standpoint of machine translation. The current work employs Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG, Pollard and Sag (1994)) as a theory of grammar and Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS, Copestake et al. (2005) as a meaning representation system. Building upon these formalisms, this paper addresses how information structure of relative clauses can be represented and constrained. The current work makes use of Individual CONStraints (ICONS) for modeling relative clauses with respect to information structure. The current work also investigates which relative clause involves which information structure constraint. The present study argues that non-restrictive relative clauses impose a more specific constraint on information structure than restrictive relative clauses.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제19권
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• pp.359-388
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• 2010

This study is aimed to investigate the aspect of using relative clauses in Korean. The data used for this study were extracted from the Korean text books for the foreign students and from the Chinese students' Korean compositions. They are the learners of Korean language at the early intermediated stage. As the result of analyzing them, the followings were found I)the majority of relative clauses in Korean consists of left-branching sentences. ii)The number of the subject relative clauses was higher than object ones in both of them. Especially in the aspect of using relative clauses, subject ones were used even more frequently than objective ones. This result is corresponded to the previous thesis, "the subject relative clauses was acquired earlier than object ones". iii)The relative clauses that those with a head noun function as subject in the main sentence showed in higher proportion in comparison of those as object. That is, this study showed that subjects were used more frequently than objects in the relative clauses used in their compositions. Finally, this study analyzed the errors of adnominal ending usage occurring in their compositions. More errors occurred when adjective form ended with '-hada' are changed into adnominal ending one.

• 인지과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2003

이 논문은 한국어 내포 머리어 관계절의 통사적인 특징을 살펴보고 이 구문이 한국어를 모국어로 사용하는 아동들에 의해 어떻게 습득되는가를 조사하는데 그 목적이 있다. 먼저, 한국어 내포 머리어 관계절 구문의 통사적인 특징을 살펴보기 위하여 내포 머리어 관계절을 생성문법에 비추어 분석을 하였다. 이 분석을 통해, 한국어의 내포 머리어 관계절은 일반적인 외포 머리어 관계절에 비해 통사적으로 사용이 더 제한되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다시 말해, 내포 머리어 관계절은 여러 개의 절을 넘어 관계화가 일어날 수 있는 외포 머리어 관계절과 달리 하나 이상의 절을 넘어 관계화가 일어날 수 없다. 또한 내포 머리어 관계절은 주어, 직접목적어, 간접목적어, 전치사의 목적어 등이 관계화될 수 있는 외포 머리어 관계절과 달리 단지 주어와 직접목적어만이 관계화가 가능하다. 그리고, 내포 머리어 관계절의 습득 연구를 위해 관찰 방법을 이용한 내포 머리어 관계절의 자료뿐만 아니라 이해도 측정 실험과 산출 실험을 이용한 자료도 같이 분석하였다. 이들 자료의 분석을 통해, 내포 머리어 관계절은 외포 머리어 관계절에 비하여 아동들이 이해하고 말하기가 더 쉽고 따라서 외포 머리어 관계절에 비해 아동들에 의해 더 일찍 습득됨을 알 수 있었다. 보통 내포 머리어 관계절은 성인들에게는 잘 사용되지 않는다고 알려져 있는데 아동들에게 특히 언어 발달 과정의 이른 시기에 있는 아동들에게 외포 머리어 관계절의 습득에 앞서 많이 사용되어진다는 습득 연구에서의 결과는 언어발달의 이른 시기에 있는 아동들이 내포 머리어 관계절을 어떻게 이용하는지를 말해준다. 다시 말해, 아동들은 언어 발달의 이른 시기에는 이해하고 말하기 어려운외포 머리어 관계절 대신 쉬운 내포 머리어 관계절을 임시적으로 사용하는 것으로 볼 수 있겠다. 실제, 외포 머리어 관계절은 언어 발달 과정에서 늦게 습득이 되는 것으로 보고되고 있다.

• 인지과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.29-51
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• 1994

본 논문의 목적은 영어 관계절의 의미를 분석하여 컴퓨터의 자연언어 처리 및 기계번역에 사용될 수 있는 중간언어(interlanguage)형식으로 의미표시(semantic representation)하려는 것이다.이를 위하여 최근에 미국의 John.F.Sowa를 중심으로 개발되고 있는 개념구조론(Conceptual Structure Theory)에서의 개념도식(conceptual graph)을 이용하였다.우선 개념구조론을 고찰한 후, 영어 관계절을 제한적 의미와 비제한적 의미에 따라 다르게 기술하였는데,제한적 관계절은-표현을 이용하고,비제한 관계절은 동격의 의미와 부사적 의미,그리고 논평적 의미에 따라 다르게 기술하였다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.207-214
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• 2001

This study describes the focus in nine structure types of English relative clauses (SS, SO, SP, PS, PO, PP, OS, OO, OP), classified according to the grammatical role of both the head that the relative clause modifies and the gap within the relative clause. The informants for this study are 2 middle school students, 4 high school students in four formal classroom in Korea and 2 native speakers. To obtain the accurate intonation patterns, Visi-Pitch II Model 3300 was used for data analyses. Major findings are as follows: (1) The feature of the intonation in English relative clauses showed prosodic prominence at the head, but the English learners in Korea didn't show prosodic prominence; (2) the fact that all heads have prosodic prominence says that the head in relative clauses has prosodic focus; (3) in the fact that the English learners have flat pitch in the whole sentences, the problem of intonation education is found out.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-60
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• 2020

This paper investigates changes in relativization in Singapore English broadsheet newspapers from 1993 to 2016. One of the first diachronic studies in Singapore English (SgE), it also explores corresponding data from the diachronic Siena-Bologna (SiBol) news corpus. As SgE is in the endonormative stabilization phase in Schneider's (2007) Dynamic Model of postcolonial Englishes, divergence from British English (BrE) is to be expected. In this study, the dataset is a new Singapore English Newspaper (SEN) corpus compiled from local news articles in 1993, 2005 and 2016, and the corpus tool employed is Sketch Engine. The results reveal changes in relativization practices in SEN over the given period, many of which occur in a similar pattern as those identified in SiBol, albeit at varying rates of change. Most significant of these include a sharp decline in the which relativizer in restrictive relative clauses with non-animate antecedents, complemented by a rise in that. The change has been so rapid that although which relative clauses were more common than that clauses in 1993, that has subsequently overtaken which for both the corpora. One shift in SEN that is different from SiBol is the increase in frequency of non-restrictive relative clauses in SgE. The likely motivators for the changes in the two varieties are identified as colloquialization, densification and prescriptivism. The effect each of these factors could have had on the varieties are discussed, as well as the implications that the findings have on our understanding of the evolutionary status of SgE as a postcolonial variety.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2007

This paper attempts to verify the theoretical claims in Syntax ($Bo{\check{s}}kovi{\acute{c}}$ & Lasnik, 2003; Kim, 1999, 2004) about the phrasing in English that-clauses, presenting an acoustic experiment conducted to observe the patterns of edge tones at the boundaries of that. In the experiment, two different that clauses, complement and relative clauses, were varied in forms (that-retention, that-deletion, adverb insertion before that) and length. Results showed that edge tones, if occurred, mostly showed up before the complement clauses in that-deletion sentences (67%), and that their positions polarized in adverb insertion sentences (56% before toot and 44% after toot). In the relative clauses, phrasing mostly occurred before toot as opposed to after toot in that-retention (73%) and adverb insertion sentences (87%). Additionally, phrasing tends to occur more frequently as the sentences get longer. The results suggest that the previous claims based on syntax are not consistent with the results of the current phonetic experiment. This may be interpreted as stating that syntactic boundaries do not always indicate phonetic phrasing, and that there may be some other factors to determine phrasing patterns, for example, rhythmic phrasing operating at the surface level of speech.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.173-187
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• 2003

This paper proposes a semantic description of the English nominal relatives with a knowledge representation framework of Conceptual Graphs(CGs), which is a computer-oriented form of interlanguage from the Conceptual Structures Theory. This paper focuses on the difference between definite and universally quantified meaning of nominal relatives, on the compound relative clauses, and also on the difference between nominal relative clauses and interrogative clauses.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.157-169
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• 2011

Compared to studies on prosodic effects on the comprehension of syntactic ambiguity in English, there are relatively few that investigated prosodic effects in East-Asian languages. This study examined the role of prosodic information in processing syntactically ambiguous sentences in Japanese. For syntactically ambiguous sentences containing relative clauses, this paper investigated whether prosodic information is immediately available during the process of these ambiguous sentences. Results from an auditory comprehension experiment with an on-line, cross-modal naming task seemingly suggest that contrary to the findings from the off-line study that examined the same constructions, prosodic information may not be immediately available to Japanese listeners. A possible account for failure to obtain effects of prosodic information is provided.

• 아동학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.125-138
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• 1992

The purpose of the present study was to examine the development of embedding through relative clause formation in the first language acquisition of Korean. Results are reported from the study of the spantaneous natural speech of 36 young Korean children ranging from 16 months to 45 months in age acquiring Korean as their first language in Chinju, Korea. The results revealed a developmental order in the first language acquisition of Korean relative clause structures. Namely, a free or headless relative clause appears to be acquired first, before lexically headed restrictive relative construction. This order is consistent with one evidenced in English (and also Chinese) first language acquisition, 'free' relatives appear to provide a developmentally early stage in the acquisition of restrictive relative clauses. The Korean data provided additional evidence for an intermediary stage with an overt complementizer as well as an overt lexical head. Implications for the results are disscused with regard to a continuous theory of universal grammar in the first language acquisition.