• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.137-153
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between the homemaker's stress and their home management behavioral patterns in Money and Time focusing on the Morphogenic & Morphostatic. This research aimed to ' 1) Identify the overall tendency of homemaker's stress & home management behavioral patterns 2) Find out if socio-demographic variables(ie. age of homemakers, level of education, duration of marriage, umber of children, homemaker's employment, socioeconomic status) have significant effects on homemaker's stress and their home management behavioral patterns, 3)Identify the correlation between homemakers' stress and home management behavioral patterns. 4) Find out variables which have independently significant effect on home management behavioral patterns. For these purpose, this research conducted a survey by using questionnaire developed by former researchers. The subjects of this study are 500 homemakers living in Kwangju who have at least one child. The data analyzed occording to frequency, percentage, mean , one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test. Pearson's correlation and multiple regression. The main findings are as follows; 1) General tendency of the stress level percepted by the homemakers is relatively low 2) socio-demographic variables have significant effects on the stress of homemakers. Among them only homemaker's age. the number of children and socio-economic status have influe d on the stress of urban homemakers. In each area, there are differences among groups; homemaker's age, durations of marriage, number of children in the area of family; age, number of children, socio-economic status in th area of health; age. durations of marriage. number of children, socio-economic status in the area of finance; socio-economic status in the area of household work. 3) General tendency of homemakers behavioral patterns is some what morphostatic. 4)socio-demographic variables have significant effects on the behavioral patterns of home management, a)Homemaker's age, the level of education, socio-economic status is a variable to have influences on home management behavioral patterns of the Money. b)The age homemakers is a variable to have influences on home management behavioral patterns of the time. c)The age of homemakers, duration of marriage is a variable to have influences on the home management behavioral patters of the resources. 5)There are positive relationship between homemaker's stress and home management behavioral patterns . The higher level of stress , the more morphogenic home management behavioral patterns . 6)Influential variables related to management behavioral patterns are homemaker's age, the level of stress, socio-economic status.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.268-276
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the moderating effect of counseling class experience on the relationship between an undergraduate's personality characteristics, emotional intelligence, and empathic ability. As a result of verification, having course experience has a moderating effect on empathic abilities, reversing agreeableness from positive into negative. It also has a moderating effect on the influence of empathic concern, making that of an extravert positively significant. The experience of taking a course did not show a moderating effect on emotional intelligence that can be improved by learning. This demonstrates that education in counseling as carried out in universities is inappropriate, and course experience enhances empathic concern only when the student tends to be an extrovert. This implies that the current counseling system is a curriculum suitable for extroverted people. Also, when students have a friendly, amicable tendency, the experience of taking a course lowered empathic ability. This means that an amicable tendency is not a variable influencing educational experience, and that the present curriculum needs to be diversified. Although it is hard to provide a curriculum customized for each individual's characteristics, this study holds significance in emphasizing diversity in the curriculum to allow students to choose a small-group class or the lecture method based on personality or individual tendency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to obtain some basic data necessary for more effective health education by questionnaire survey on the knowledge, attitude and preventive health behavior. The questionnaire forms were delivered to 500 university students in seoul during periods from 24 to 28, september, from 7 to 19, October, 1991. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) Washing hands after using toilet has relationship to sex (fece: $X^2=51.55$, urine: $X^2=36.25$, p<0.05). Index of female was higher than that of male. 2) Tooth brushing has relationship to sex ($X^2=13.28$, p<0.05). The tendency of practice of male and female was similar. 3) Changing of underwear 1~3 days were the highest and it has relationship to sex ($X^2=162.846$, p<0.05), birth place ($X^2=97.18$, p<0.05). Index of female was higher than that of male. 4) Bathing has relationship to sex ($X^2=80.92$, p<0.05). birth place ($X^2=54.18$, p<0.05, pocket money ($X^2=33.04$, p<0.05). 5) The attitude on occurrence of epidemic disease has relationship to sex ($X^2=70.33$, p<0.05). A female was more senstive than male. 6) In case of slight disease, a cold, illness from fatigue, the utilization of drug store was higher. The utilization of medical center according to disease has relationship to sex ($X^2=69.84$, p<0.05). 7) Medical behaviorism has relationship to school year ($X^2=35.18$, p<0.05), sex ($X^2=42.18$, p<0.05). 8) The utilization of school health center has relationship to sex ($X^2=10.73$, p<0.05), the school year ($X^2=72.09$, p<0.05), the pocket money ($X^2=38.80$, p<0.05). 9) The experience of health education has relationship to school year ($X^2=10.96$, p<0.05). No experence is 95.4%. 10) The subject for health-medical knowledge is necessary. The need for subject has relationship to sex ($X^2=10.86$, p<0.05).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.509-522
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• 1996

By studying the relationship between the morphology of mandibular symphysis and craniofacial morphology in classIII malocclusion, this study aims at deciding whether the morphogy of mandibular symphysis can be used as a predictor on the growth of mandible. The materials used for this study were the cephalometric radiographs of male class III malocclusion. The subjected age groups were 10-12(G1 group) and 20 and above(G2 group): 50 were selected from each group. Each group was again divided, according to the ratio of symphysis, into Large(L), Average(A), and Small(S). The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. In average the ratio of symphysis, G2 group showed significantly bigger than G1 group(p<0.05) 2. In both G1 and G2 groups, the ratio of symphysis had no relationship with the measurements on the cranial base and the maxilla(p>0.05). 3. In both G1 and G2 groups, there was not distinct difference in the antero-posterior positions among L, A, S subgroups. 4. L and A subgroups showed significantly larger than S subgroup in lower gonial angle and chin angle in G1 group (p<0.05). 5. In the measurements on the vortical relation of the face, anterior total face height(ATFH) and anterior lower face height(ALFH) of L subgroup were significantly larger than that of S subgroup in G1 group(p<0.05) and also mandible showed a tendency to grow downward vertically. 6. In the measurements on the tooth position and inclination, L subgroup showed as compared with S subgroup a tendency of extrusion of maxillary and mandibular teeth in G1 group, but G2 group showed such tendency only in mandibular teeth. 7. In the measurements on the abnormal growth prediction by Schulhof, in G1, there was no significant difference among L, A, S sugroups. 8. In the correlative analysis of the ratio of symphysis and other measurements, G1 group showed significant correlationships in chin angle, PP/MP angie, ANS-Me and other, while G2 group showed the same only in MP-LIT and MP-LMMC(p<0.05, p<0.01). In summarizing the above, in the G1 group, consisting of young males, no difference was noted in horizontal relation between L and S subgroups; in vertical relation, L subgroup showed a stronger tendency of downward growth of mandible than S subgroup. In adult male G2 group, however, no distinct morphological difference of craniofacial complex by the ratio of symphysis.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of learned helplessness and self-care agency in dialysis patients and the relationship between learned helplessness and self-care agency. The subjects were 168 dialysis patients who were undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis from 1 university hospital, 1 hospital, 1 hemodialysis center in Seoul, 1 hospital in Incheon, Korea. The data were collected with two interview questionnaires which were Learned Helplessness Scale (LHS) and Self-as-Carer Inventory (SCI). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation with SPSSWIN program. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The mean scores of learned were 45.93(range 20-80). The mean learned helplessness scores of peritoneal dialysis patient and hemodialysis (HD) patient were not different significantly. However by the aging process, the mean scores of learned helplessness has a tendency to get higher and who had a job were likely to low score of learned helplessness. 2) The mean scores of self-care agency were 142.48 (range 33-198). The mean self-care agency scores of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient much higher than the score of it with hemodialysis. The score of self-care agency were significantly different between peritoneal dialysis patient and hemodialysis patient. The patients who have job were likely to be higher score of self-care agency than other groups. 3) There was significant relationship between the score of learned helplessness and self-care agency. In conclusion, there was an inverse relationship between learned helplessness and self-care agency in dialysis patients. Considering this, the high level of learned helplessness of dialysis patients should be intervened by nurse with a well developed edicational program or cognitive behavioral therapy.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.814-821
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the maternal zinc status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationship between the zinc concentration of maternal, umblical cord blood and placental tissue and pregnancy outcomes. Venous blood samples were drawn from 53 pregnant women just before delivery and the cord blood of their newborn babies was collected immediately after birth. In addition, placental tissues were extracted. We investigated the difference in the concentration of zinc in maternal, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue in two gestational age groups (preform delivery group [PT] and normal term delivery group [NT]) at 34.7 wk and 39.0 wk of mean gestational age, respectively). We also assessed correlations of the zinc concentration of maternal, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue. Lastly, we studied the correlations between the birth weights and the zinc concentration in the maternal, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue. The concentrations of maternal serum zinc and of umbilical cord serum zinc were significantly higher in the PT group (76.9$\pm$37.4 $\mu/dl$, 101.3$\pm$41.4 $\mu/dl$) than in those of the NT group (57.8$\pm$22.4 $\mu/dl$, 80.7$\pm$27.5 $\mu/dl$), respectively (p<0.05). The zinc concentration of the umbilical cord blood was significantly higher than that of the maternal blood in both groups (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the gestational age and the serum zinc concentration in the cord or the maternal serum. Our results showed that there was a negative relationship between the birth weight (r=-0.286) and the maternal serum zinc concentration. Despite there not being a significant difference, there was tendency for the highest concentrations of maternal serum zinc to be associated with the lowest birth weights. These findings support a possible relationship between the maternal zinc status and the pregnancy outcome, and suggest that zinc may play a role in the many biological processes involved in the successful outcome of a pregnancy.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 2010

Objectives This study was performed to figure out relations of self-esteem, anxiety and the other factors related with obesity in obese children. Methods Forty-two children(21 boys and 21 girls) those who were diagnosed obesity have been recruited. To assess psychological factors, Self-esteem inventory(SEI), Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale(RCMAS), International Physical Activity Questionnaires(IPAQ), Korean Eating Attitudes Test(KEAT-26) and Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) were administered. Behavioral characteristics were also analyzed. Results Self-esteem(SEI) had significant positive relationship with physical activity(IPAQ) and sleeping time. Self-esteem had significant negative relationship with anxiety(RCMAS), eating disorder(KEAT-26) and watching TV time. Anxiety had significant positive relationship with eating disorder(KEAT-26) and watching TV time, and negative relationship with physical activity(IPAQ) and sleeping time. All of participants seemed to be having depressive tendency. Conclusion Self-esteem and anxiety were significantly related. And eating disorder, physical activity, sleeping time and watching tv also affected to the self-esteem and anxiety of obese children.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-67
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• 2009

For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.341-369
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• 2006

This study attempts to explain how the social-worker empowerment in the field of social work relates to social-work self-efficacy and whether or not the transactional leadership of the leader moderates the relationship between these two variables. Data from 390 social workers working with public and private sector agencies in Seoul were collected. For the questionnaire and analysis, this research uses the Social Worker Empowerment, Social Work Self-Efficacy, and Transactional Leadership scales. This research utilizes a wide range of statistical analyses, such as descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation, reliability analysis, factor analysis, multiple regression, and general linear modeling. The calculations employed the use of SPSS/PC+ 12.0. This research indicates, among other things, that social workers with a high level of social worker empowerment and transactional leadership of the leader show a tendency toward higher social work self-efficacy and that the leader's transactional leadership level plays a moderating function in the relationship between social-worker empowerment and transactional leadership of the leader. In conclusion, a social worker with a low level of leader's transactional leadership shows a relatively greater tendency toward social work self-efficacy when compared to a social worker having a high level of leader's transactional leadership. Social workers and social-work organizations seeking professional practice can benefit from these findings on the relationship between professional behavior and social work self-efficacy with perceived transactional leadership about a team leader as a moderator.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.171-181
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• 2013

The relationship about corporations' dividend policy and foreigners' share have been studied on the various views. However, there have barely been the studies about the relationships between the two variables according to hot and cold markets in Korea. In this point, this study attempts to find the differences of the tendency of foreigners' investment with financial variables and the relationship between foreigners' share and corporations' dividend policy according to hot and cold markets. For the analysis, it selected the 318 manufacturing corporations, which paid dividends in 2008 (cold market) and 2010(hot market). The results are classified into two types. 1) There are the difference, and 2) There are no differences of the relationships among the variables according to the two markets. First of all, The relationships between 1) foreigners' share and dividend 2) between foreigners' share and market value (Tobin's Q) and corporations' debt (Debt Ratio) were statistically significant in the both (hot and cold) markets. As showing the differences according to hot and cold markets, cash flow and foreigners' share showed the statistically significant relationships in 2010 (hot market), not in 2008 (cold market). One of the remarkable results is that most of relationships among variables, except the relationship between foreigners' share and dividend, are more strong in hot market than in cold market.