• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.23-49
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• 2007

Salespeople act at the point of MOT with customers and deliver the enterprise's message to the customers. They build up relationships with customers as well as deliver the customer's message to the enterprise. The salespeople's activity at the point of MOT with the customers and the degree of satisfaction of the customers' needs will affect the customers' attitude toward the enterprise, brand loyalty, and retention intention. Ultimately, it will influence the enterprise's financial performance. The control of salespe1ople is one of the most interesting topics of marketing. This research investigates the relationships of the control types over salespeople(positive/negative outcome control, positive/negative behavior control) and job satisfaction and their mediating variables. The mediating variables in the relationships have been identified as outcome/behavior-related role clarity and self-efficacy. The purpose of this study is more specifically as follows: First, it investigate how the perception of salespeople control types affect role-clarity. Second, it examines how the perception of salespeople control types influence self-efficacy. Third, it investigate the mediating role of role-clarity between the perception of salespeople control types and self-efficacy. Fourth, it investigates how role-clarity affect self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Finally, it will investigates how self-efficacy influences job satisfaction. Data were collected from the pharmaceutical industry salespeople and analyzed by SPSS 12.0 and AMOS　6.0. The data were collected by 400 respondents and 377 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows: First, positive/negative outcome controls had a positive relationship with outcome-related role clarity. Also positive behavior control had a positive effect on behavior-related role clarity, but negative behavior control didn't influence behavior-related role clarity. Second, positive outcome control influenced self-efficacy positively, but positive behavior control didn't have a positive effect on self-efficacy. In addition negative outcome control and negative behavior control had a positive effect on self-efficacy due to the mediating role of outcome-related and behavior-related role clarity. Third, outcome-related role clarity and behavior-related role clarity influenced self-efficacy positively. Behavior-related role clarity had a positive effect on job satisfaction, but outcome-related role clarity didn't influence job satisfaction. Finally, self-efficacy didn't have any effect on job satisfaction. The contributions of this study are as follows: First, existing studies have investigated the direct causal relationship between salespeoples' control type and performance, but this study investigates the structural causality between salespeoples' control types, responses, and performances. Second, this study found the mediating role of outcome-related/behavior-related role-clarity between outcome/behavior control and self-efficacy. Finally, the findings of this study further insight to existing studies on the relationship between job satisfaction and self-efficacy. The confidence of salespeoples' task influenced job satisfaction positively in existing articles,field studies, but the relationship between these two variables was not significant in this study. This means that there can be a different relationship between confidence and job satisfaction according to salespeoples' business. That is, the business environment may not be satisfying, even if the salespeople say that they have ability and confidence about their business. This means that able salespeople who have ability and confidence about their business are not satisfied with their job advancement in the company. Therefore, enterprise need to provide training that can establish a business environment that can satisfy the salespeole's expectation level which will secure good salespeople. This study may have limitation when applied to future studies. First,in this study as with existing studies it investigates the control level that salespeople feel is being measured. Actuality, the control level that a manager enforces and the control level that salespeople perceive when one is late can be different. There is need to measure lateness from both the perspective of the manager and salespeople should be done to supplement this study in the future Second, this study used variables that were connected with action result but salespeople's job satisfaction is due to the result of control. But, focusing on result of control can provide a more important financial result than sales performance. This study is also limited in that it did not consider financial result by result of control. Further studies on this will need to be done in the future. Third, this study may have a further limitation,because the investigation was restricted to pharmaceutical salespeople selling to hospitals. It is necessary to execute investigations in various industries to increase the generalization of the study findings Fourth, in this study, role clarity and self-efficacy by response variable for control and considered job satisfaction by outcome variable of control was considered. But, can other variables be considered beside response variable and result variable for control? For example, can financial affairs and change of post by outcome variable along with business stress by response variable for control be considered? Therefore, future studies need to consider various control variables. Finally, there is limited supporting research in the field of marketing which restricts the generalization of the study finding along with collecting material through random sampling of a limited size. This research summarizes the research in this area, the difference from the previous research, and provides a discussion of its limitations and the need and direction for further future research.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.545-562
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• 2012

This study tried to analyzed the relationship outcome and commitment in order to suggest to a outcome for commitment decision-making of e-trade. 6 hypothesis were constructed for analysis based on previous literature review. The subject of this study is to analyse on electronic trade practice outcome on the international trade practice commitment. This paper investigates the outcome determinants of e-trade commitment. There are 250 sended samples and 188 returns, 168 of them are analyzed on commitment for a electronic trade outcome. The first, multiple regression result shows that the international trade practice outcome are positively affected by the "Overseas market research commitment", "e-L/C Practice commitment", "Clearance Practice commitment", "e-B/L or global logistic commitment", "Payment or e-Nego commitment". However, The "Commerce practice commitment" factors does not affect in the electronic trade practice outcome.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between nursing work environment and nursing outcome of clinical nurses. Also, the purpose of this study was to identify the nurses' workload. Method: The participants in this study were 246 nurses working at one hospital in a province. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from October 2011 to November 2011. Open questions were subject to content analysis; closed questions were subject to descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient with SPSS 18.0 program were used. Result: The number of patients per nurse in day-duty and overtime work had a positive correlation. Nursing performance and the overtime work in night duty nurses had a negative correlation. The results of this study, with a much higher number of patients per nurse, showed an increase in overtime hours. In the nursing delivery system experience of nurses, 13 themes were identified and they were divided into five categories. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to improve nursing performance and increase job satisfaction, efforts must be made to reduce overtime, and nursing personnel placement to secure a substantial nursing staff.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.733-742
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• 2023

This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of outcome expectation in the relationship between strengths knowledge and career adaptability for nursing students. The participants of this study were 284 nursing students in three Universities in G City, J Province. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis. Also mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test.. Career adaptability is positively correlated with strengths knowledge(r=.61, p<.001), outcome expectation(r=.55, p<.001), and strengths knowledge is positively correlated with outcome expectation(r=.41, p<.001). The outcome expectation showed a partial mediating effect between the strengths knowledge and the career adaptability(Z=3.85, p<.001). The positive the strengths knowledge(𝛽=.44, p<.001), the higher the outcome expectation(𝛽=.33, p<.001), the higher the career adaptability level, and the explanatory power to explain career adaptability was 50%. Therefore, in order to improve the career adaptability of nursing students, it suggests that it is necessary not only to recognize strengths with positive thinking about individuals, but also to improve attitudes to form desirable outcome expectations at the same time.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.167-172
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• 2007

Various cell types that express regulatory function may influence the pathogenesis of most and perhaps all infections. Some regulatory cells are present at the time of infection whereas others are induced or activated in response to infection. The actual mechanisms by which different types of infections signal regulatory cell responses remain poorly understood. However a most likely mechanism is the creation of a microenvironment that permits the conversion of conventional T cells into cells with the same antigen specificity that have regulatory function. Some possible means by which this can occur are discussed. The relationship between regulatory cells and infections is complex especially with chronic situations. The outcome can either be of benefit to the host or damage the disease control process or in rare instances appears to be a component of a finely balanced relationship between the host and the infecting agent. Manipulating the regulatory cell responses to achieve a favorable outcome of infection remains an unfulfilled objective of therapeutic immunology.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 2002

The psychiatry features of narcissism are molded by the outcome of a mismatch or lack of tension between the realistic self and the ideal self, and it is related to the problems of alienation. That is, the problems of alienation lead to the outcome of a mismatch between the realistic self and the ideal self by the unindividuality which lose a senses of the reality in all every things, and it make man to even more to give up the realistic self and to be alive powerlessness living. In this views, this study examined the relationship between narcissism and alienations or subfactors, and the concrete subscale of the Narcissistic Personality Scale which had a influence on the alienations to experientially investigate the relation between narcissism and alienations. Juveniles were administered both the Narcissistic Personality Scale and the Alienations Scale. The results showed a positive relationship between narcissism and alienations, and the alienations was influenced of the self-centeredness and the exploitation/Privilege subscale of the Narcissistic Personality Scale. Therefore, narcissists feel alienations too much, and the more a person has self-centeredness and exploitation/Privilege of narcissistic traits, the higher alienations is.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2001

Objectives : To explore the relationship between Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty(PTCA) volume and the associated immediate outcome. Methods : A total of 1,379 PTCAs were peformed in 25 hospitals in Korea between October 8 and December 31 in 1997. Data from 1,317 PTCAs (95.5%) were collected through medical record abstraction. Inter-observer reliability of the data was examined using the Kappa statistic on a subsample of 110 PTCA procedures from five hospitals. Intra-observer reliability of the data was also examined. PTCA success and immediate adverse outcomes were selected as the outcome variables. A successful PTCA was defined as a case that shows less than 50% diameter stenosis and more than 20% reduction of diameter stenosis. Immediate adverse outcomes included deaths during the same hospitalization, emergency coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) within 24 hours after PTCA, and acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after PTCA. The numbers of PTCAs performed in 1997 per hospital were used as the volume variables. Results : Without adjusting for patient risk factors that may affect outcomes, procedures at high volume hospitals ($\geq200$ cases per year) had a greater success rate (P=0.001) than low volume hospitals. There was a marginally significant difference (P=0.070) in major adverse outcome rates between high and low volume hospitals. After adjusting for risk factors, there were significant differences in procedural failure and major adverse outcome rates between high and low volume hospitals. Conclusions : After adjusting for patient clinical risk factors, the hospital volume of PTCA was associated with immediate outcomes. It is recommended that a PTCA volume per year be established in order to improve the immediate outcome of this procedure in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.559-569
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes(nosocomial infection, patient fall, pressure ulcer). Method: The subjects of this study were 305 nurses from 20 general hospitals who worked at 39 medical and surgical wards. Self-reporting questionnaire which was developed by the writer through preceding study was used. In data analysis, SPSS WIN 10.0. program was utilized for descriptive statistics, ANOVA. Result: The mean of patient-to-nurse ration was 5.2:1. 65% among 20 hospitals was over 300 beds, 90 was located in urban area and 55 was private hospitals. Patient-to-nurse ration of hospitals in under 300 beds or rural area or private ownership was lower than hospitals in 300 beds or urban area or public ownership. 89.9 among 39 wards was medical or surgical wards. The mean of length of stay, 8-14 days got a majority and showed higher patient-to-nurse ration. Of the general characteristics, rural was significantly hight to patient fall(F=3.205, p<.05), medical unit was significantly high to patient fall, pressure ulcer(patient fall: F=8.890, p<.001, pressure ulcer: F=3.399, p<.05) and over 15 days was significantly higher than under 14 days of the mean of length of stay. And there was significant relationship between over 6.0:1 and over 4.0:1 to less than 5.0:1(F=4.817,p<.01). Conclusion: This study has shown a relationship between patient-to-nurse ration and patient fall using not objective research tool but self-reporting questionnaire. Therefore further research is needed to study using objective research tool. Based on this study, the effect of nurse staffing levels on patient outcome also has to be studied.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.91-105
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• 2022

This study investigates the effects of different types of digital informatization (i.e. access, skill, utilization) on life satisfaction. The mediation effects of the outcome of digital device use between digital informatization and life satisfaction are also tested. The '2020 Survey on the Digital Divide' conducted by the National Information Society Agency was referenced for empirical analysis. The findings show that in general, digital informatization contributes to improving life satisfaction. In addition, the outcome of digital device use mediates the positive relationship between digital informatization and life satisfaction. However, the magnitudes of the effects of digital informatization and mediation effects differed according to the types of digital informatization. This study supports the necessity and justification for a digital informatization policy and provides valuable information that helps establish and promote digital informatization policies. In addition, this study helps to understand the determinants of the third-level digital divide information by examining the relationship between digital informatization and the outcome of digital device use.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.15-37
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• 2013

In this study, the validity of CRM introductory is defined as a driving force for the introduction of technology and concepts such as competence factors of CRM. Effect on the ability to verify the information technology CRM using this concept, we examined the effect of force CRM information technology has on the outcome from the point of view of the customer interaction. And we have tested the moderate effect for size of the company and the industry shape to the relationship between the adequacy and implementation of CRM. As a result, technical adequacy and competence of CRM implementation CRM, has a significant causal relationship to CRM information technology capability. Competence of CRM implementation has a causal relationship with care for the outcome of the interaction of the customer, shows the validity of the introduction of CRM companies are seeking Modulatory effect was verified using the company's size and industry classification, was significant only for the classification of industries. This result shows that must find ways to introduce the CRM industry depending on the form of different.