• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.115-122
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• 2015

PURPOSES: Recently, many local governments have applied chicanes for traffic calming to ensure environment-friendly comfortable and safe roads. However, the geometry of a chicane is designed for speed reduction using a curved portion. This study aims to improve the road geometry conditions of chicanes for reducing carbon emissions and maintaining appropriate driving speeds by considering the relationship between road geometry and carbon emissions. METHODS: This study was conducted as follows. First, carbon emissions corresponding to changing acceleration of vehicles were studied. Second, vehicle acceleration caused by the relationship between the curve radius and the straight length was studied. Accordingly, desirable conditions of curve radius and length of the straight section for reducing carbon emissions were proposed. RESULTS: The existing literature on chicanes present the minimum value of stagger length and path angle in the primary variable condition. This study suggests the maximum values of the curve radius and length of straight section in the primary variable condition. Therefore, if a vehicle's speed at a chicane is 30 km/h, this study suggests a curve radius of up to 24 m. In addition, if the vehicle's speed is 24 km/h, this study suggests a length of straight section of up to 6.6 m. These are the geometric conditions for considering the control of acceleration to the vehicle's maximum speed. CONCLUSIONS: This paper proposes an application of geometric conditions to reduce carbon emissions and maintain appropriate speeds of vehicles through a combination of curve radius and length of straight section.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2021

Background: Butterflies make an important part for plant-pollinator guild. These are nectar feeder or occasionally pollen feeder and thus proboscis of the butterfly species are considered as one of the most important variable in relation to the collection of food from plants. In butterfly-plant association, nectar source is principally determined by quality of nectar, corolla length, and nectar quantity. For the butterfly, nectar uptake is determined by proboscis length because flowers with long corolla restrict butterfly species containing shorter proboscis. Empirical studies proved that butterfly species with high wing loading visit clustered flowers and species with low wing loading confined their visit to solitary or less nectar rich flowers. The present study tries to investigate the flower preference of butterfly species from Lycaenidae family having very short proboscis, lower body length, lower body weight and wing span than the most species belonging from Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae. Results: Butterflies with shorter proboscis cannot access nectar from deeper flower. Although they mainly visit on less deeper flower to sucking nectar, butterflies with high wing loading visits clustered flowers to fulfill their energy requirements. In this study, we demonstrated flower choice of seven butterfly species belonging to Lycanidiae family. The proboscis length maintains a positive relationship with body length and body weight. Body length maintains a positive relationship with body weight and wing span. Wing span indicate a strong positive relationship with body weight. This study proved that these seven butterfly species namely Castalius rosimon (CRN), Taracus nara (TNA), Zizinia otis (ZOT), Zizula hylax (ZHY), Jamides celeno (JCE), Chilades laius (CLA), and Psuedozizeeria maha (PMA) visit frequently in Tridax procumbens (TPR), Ocimum americanum (OAM) and Syndrella nodiflora (SNO). The species do not visit Lantana camara (LCA) and Catharanthus roseus (CRO) plants. Conclusion: The present study proved that butterfly species visits frequently in Tridax procumbens (TPR), Ocimum americanum (OAM) but less frequently in Syndrella nodiflora (SNO). So, that study determined the butterfly species helps in pollination of these herbs that in turn helps the conservation of these butterfly species.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1970

The fresh_water shrimp, Palaemon modestua is one of the most important types of bait f[r fishing and can be found abundantly in the Nak-Dong River. The larval development of Palaemon modestua in the laboratory was reported by Liu (1949), Kown and Uno (1968), but they didn't give any ecological features in the natural environments. Shrimps were collected from the Nak-Dong River near Pusan, once a month from July to December 1953 and from February to June 1969 respectively. The following is a summary of the results: 1. They breed from April to September, mainly in July. 2. A generation of this type of shrimps appears to be approximately one year and after breeding they die off up untill the end of October. 3. The sex ratio (female=100) is $44.2\~95.5$ (mean 78.5) and goes down during spawning seasons. 4. The minimum size of the ovigerous female is approximately 0.5 gram in body weight, 29mm in body length and 7mm in carapace length. 5. Most shrimps of $31\~41mm$ In body length lay eggs. 6. The relationship between the boby length (X) and the number of eggs (Y) is: $$Y=0.0000203937X^{3.5668}$$ 7. The relationship between the body length (X) and the body weight (Y) is: $$Y=0.099801X^{2.85407}$$ in female. $$Y=0.004198X^{3.40614}$$ in Male. 8. The relationship between the carapace length (X) and the body weight (Y) is: $$Y=5.56008X^{2.25503}$$ in female. $$Y=5.09541X^{2.28875}$$ in male. 9. The relationship between the carapace length (X) and the body length (Y) is: Y= 5.07540+3.36057X in female. Y=4.90514+3.47791X in male.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between masseter muscle thickness, facial morphology, and mandibular morphology in Korean adults using ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Ultrasonography was used to measure the masseter muscle thickness bilaterally of 40 adults(20 males, 20 females) and was performed in the relaxed and contracted states. Facial photos and panoramic radiography were used for morphological analyses and evaluated for correlations with masseter muscle thickness. We also evaluated the correlations of age, body weight, stature, and body constitution with masseter muscle thickness. Results: In the relaxing, the masseter was $9.8{\pm}1.3mm$ in females and $11.3{\pm}1.2mm$ in males. In the contracted state, it was $12.4{\pm}1.4mm$ in females and $14.7{\pm}1.4mm$ in males. Facial photography showed that bizygomatic facial width over facial height was correlated with masseter muscle thickness in both sexes in the relaxed state, and was statistically significantly correlated with masseter muscle thickness in males in the contracted state. In panoramic radiography, correlations were found between anterior angle length and posterior angle length and masseter muscle thickness in females, and between body length and posterior angle length, between anterior angle length and body length, between ramal length and body length, and between body length and condyle length in males. Conclusion: Masseter muscle thickness was associated with facial and mandibular morphology in both sexes, and with age in males. Ultrasonography can be used effectively to measure masseter muscle thickness.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.792-801
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• 1996

A thinning algorithm -based image analysis technique was developed to measure corn root lengths. The root length measurement method was evaluated by comparing thread lengths measured by the image analysis system with actual thread lengths. The length measurement method accurately estimated actual thread lengths (less than 2% calculated error). Also, a rapid root length density measurement procedure, which utilizes the above root length measurement method, was developed to estimate corn root length density without washing the roots. Root length densities estimated from the cut soil surface of core samples taken from the field were paired with the root length densities determined from washed roots from the same soil core sample. A linear relationship between these two values was expected and was found. Eliminating the root washing procedure reduces the time required for measuring corn root length density substantially.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2005

To facilitate estimation of the barbel size of a striped sea catfish, Plotosus lineatus Thumberg total length (TL) and head length (HL) against body weight (BW), HL against TL, and 1st maxillary barbel $(MxBL_1)$, 2nd maxillary barbel $(MxBL_2)$, 1st mandibular barbel $(MnBL_1)$ and 2nd mandibular barbel $(MnBL_2)$ against HL were regressed. The relationship of TL and HL for BW were described by the equation $TL=50.9373BW^{0.3072}\;(r^2=0.9898)$ and $HL=11.2938BW^{0.3144}(r^2=0.9572)$, respectively. The relationship of HL for TL was described by the linear equation $HL=0.1982TL+2.1996(r^2=0.9568)$. The relationship of each barbel for HL described by the equation of $HxBL_1=0.04420HL+0.3105(r^2=0.9615),\;MxBL_2=0.4592HL+0.5321(r^2=0.9519), MnBL_l=0.4057HL+1.9824 (r^2=0.9465)\;and\;MnBL_2=0.4355HL+1.8010(r^2=0.9429)$. Knowledge of the relative growth patterns about each barbel of this species is important for the propagation of seed as stock for large-scale striped sea catfish culture.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 1970

For the purpose to clarify the effects of the mothers health during pregnancy on the weight and length of the newborn infants, this study was carried out on 500 new born infants delivered at St, Mary's Hospital, Ewha Woman's University Hospital and Red Cross Hospital in Seoul during the eight-month period from March, 1969 to October, 1969. In this study, the relationship between the T weight and length of the new born infants, and in each case, the weight, length, age, duration of labour, duration of pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy and diets level during pregnancy of the mother were observed. The relationship between the weight and length of the new born infants and the parity n-as also observed. The results obtained in this study were as follows. 1. The weight of new born infants of both sexes was significantly correlated with the parity, the weight of the mother, and the duration of labour of the primipara. The weight of the mother and the duration of pregnancy were significantly correlated with the weight of the male new born infants only, and the weight of the new born infants and the weight gain of the mother during pregnancy were significantly correlated in the female new born infants. 2. In general, the weight of the new born infants of well or excellently nourished mothers were heavier than those of poorly nourished ones. 3. The length of the new born infants was significantly correlated mother the duration of labour in the primipara.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.8 s.145
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• pp.1158-1167
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of structural properties of plain knit fabrics on the subjective textures and sensibilities of consumers. We investigated the relationship of subjective textures and sensibilities according to fiber contents of wool/rayon and stitch loop length. We made 20 plain knit fabrics, as specimens, with a combination of 5 kinds of fiber contents and 4 kinds of stitch loop length. A factor analysis showed that subjective textures are classified into 3 categories with $R^2=70.32\%$: 'surface-rough', 'drapable', 'bulky' and 'elastic' and subjective sensibilities into 3 categories with $R^2=68.12\%$: 'stable/neat', 'feminine/elegant' and 'natural/comfortable'. The fiber contents of wool/rayon had a positive and linear relation with 'surface-rough', but had a relatively non-linear one with 'bulky' and 'elastic' categories of textures, and 'feminine/elegant' of sensibilities. The stitch loop length had a linear influence on 'drapable' and 'stable/neat', but had a non-linear influence on other subjective textures and sensibilities.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.162-171
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between obesity, health-related lifestyle, and dietary intake and serum lipid level in 96 male university students. Health-related lifestyle factors were obtained from questionnaires. Dietary intakes were evaluated with one-day 24-hr recall and two-day dietary record. Anthoropometric data were recorded and serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured. 21.9%, 36.5%, 36.5%, and 6.2% of the subjects had levels beyond the normal range in serum total cholesterol(TC), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), and triacyglycerol respectively, and 57.3% of the subjects had more than one hyperlipidemic factor. TC was correlated positively with BMI(p〈0.01), waist length(p〈0.05), hip length(p〈0.05), and the amount of smoking(p〈0.05). HDL-C was correlated negatively with BMI(p〈0.05) and hip lenghth(p〈0.05). LTD-C was correlated positively with BMI(p〈0.01), water length(p〈0.05), hip length(p〈0.01), and coffee consumption(p〈0.05). TG was correlated positively with waist length(p〈0.01), waist-to-hip ratio(p〈0.05), and amount of smoking(p〈0.01) and negatively correlated with frequence of exercise(p〈0.05). Among nutrient intakes, only the ratio of protein to energy was correlated negatively with TC(p〈0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI, waist length, hip length, waist-to-hip ratio, and amount of cigarette smoking were associated with an increased risk of hyper-TC. BMI, waist length, and hip length were associated with an increased risk of hypo-HDL-C. BMI and coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk of hyper-LDL-C. Amount of cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of hyper-TG. In conclusion, a high prevalence of hyperlipidemia in subjects was observed. Also obesity, smoking, and coffee consumption were observed to be highly with the risk of hyperlipidemia in subjects. These findings imply that these factors should be primarily considered in planing the nutrition education program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in male university students.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.769-776
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• 2010

The relationship between morphological characteristics and sensibility of hands for beautiful hands were investigated for college woman in early twenties. Hand Emotional Quotient (HEQ) which is classified as 10 grades was newly suggested as one of the sensibility evaluation methods for the beautiful hands and was applied to assess the qualitative and quantitative relationships between morphological characteristics and HEQ. The factors influenced on the HEQ were in order as width-length ratio of hands, finger length-hand length and finger width-hand length ratios. Otherwise the influences of hand length-nail length and finger length-nail length ratios on HEQ were insignificant. The longer length of hand, finger, and nail and the narrower width of hand and finger, the higher HEQ hands get. In conclusion, it is found that all morphologic characteristics of hands influenced on the sensitivity synthetically. The data constructed on the hand's sensibility is very useful for various beauty products and service areas related to hands.