• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.67-76
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• 2010

The major purpose of this study was to explore mediating effects of narcissism on the relationship between paternal maternal psychological control, over-expectation, and adolescent aggression. This study's participants were 678 boys and girls selected from second and third graders at middle schools in Busan. The major findings were as follows. First, there were gender differences in paternal psychological control, fathers' over-expectation, mothers' over-expectation, and adolescents' overt aggression. Second, boys' overt aggression indirectly affected fathers' psychological control and mothers' over-expectation through boys' narcissism. Third, girls' relational aggression indirectly affected fathers' psychological control and mothers' over-expectation through girls' narcissism and directly affected fathers' psychological control. Finally, girls' overt relational aggression indirectly affected fathers' and mothers' over-expectation through girls' narcissism.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.139-158
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• 2013

The present study investigated the direct and interactive effects of children's temperament and mothers' reactions to hypothetical vignettes of children's aggression on 3- to 6-year-old children's overt aggression (OA) and relational aggression (RA). A total of 317 mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children and 26 teachers from eight day-care centers and kindergartens were contacted. Each mother reported her child's background, assessed her child's temperament and responded to the Mothers' Reaction to Hypothetical Vignettes of Children's Aggression (MRCA) scale. Children's OA and RA were assessed by teachers. Results showed that high levels of children's surgency predicted children's OA and RA. Although mothers' reactions did not predict children's OA and RA directly, significant interactions indicated that mothers' restrictive reactions were more strongly related to children's OA for children with high levels of surgency and low levels of effortful control. In addition, mothers' responsive reactions were more strongly related to children's OA for children with low levels of surgency. This study demonstrates that relative contributions of children's temperament and mothers' reactions differ according to the form of children's aggression. It also shows that certain types and levels of mothers' reactions to children's aggressive behavior can be critical for children with certain types and levels of temperament in developing children's overt aggression. The findings of this study can be applied to building early prevention and future intervention programs for young children's aggression.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.167-180
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• 2001

With 338 fifth-grade students as subjects, this study examined variations in the relation between school bullying and rejection or acceptance by peers as a function of gender and types of aggression. Results showed that the more a boy bullied other children, the more likely he was to be rejected by peers. The more a girl bullied other children, the more likely she was to be accepted by peers. Girls' aggressive behaviors also contributed to their acceptance by peers. When levels of physical and relational aggression were kept constant, verbal aggression was positively related to peer rejection for boys but negatively related for girls. The use of relational aggression contributed to peer rejection only for girls. The findings provide preliminary bases for understanding bullying. Implications of the gender differences are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.203-227
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• 2012

This study analyzes the effect on depression of mutual relational aggression experienced by elderly residents at charity nursing home. It also verifies the mediated effect of adaption by the residents to the nursing home. For this end, the researchers conduct a survey for 182 elderly residents in 7 charity nursing homes in Seoul and Kyonggi Province. The statistical methods for the analysis were SPSS version 18.0 and AMOS 7.0program. Following are the findings. First, there turns out to be no statistical significant effect between mutual relational aggression and depression. Second, elderly residents' adaption to the nursing home is proved to serve as a mediated effect between mutual relational aggression and depression. In other words, the more the relational aggression, the more difficult it is for residents to be adapted to the nursing home, and the more depressed the residents are prone to be. Following are suggestions based on the findings. First, nursing home staffs need to establish a system in consideration both of relational aggression and of resident's adaption, to reduce its elderly residents' consequential depression. Second, nursing home staffs need to take measures to help adaption of new residents to prevent or reduce their depression. For example, new residents can be allowed to bring their belongings to the nursing home as much as they want and the nursing home can stand. Third, nursing homes also need to develop programs to prevent or reduce any negative relation, including bullying or casting out, among peer residents in the nursing home.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-120
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• 2012

This research was conducted in order to find out the effects of boys' self-control, their parents' behaviors and marital conflict on boys' aggression. Subtypes of aggression in the present research consist of dimensions of the functions and forms (proactive-overt, proactive-relational, reactive-overt, reactive-relational). The participants of this study were 237 boys in the fifth and sixth grades in elementary schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The questionnaires were derived and modified from Lee Hong (2009) for boys' aggression, from Ju So Young and Lee Yang Hee (2008) for boys' self-control, from Jun Joo Ram (2008) and Heo Seung Yeon (2009) for maternal behaviors and from Kang Na Jung (2008) for marital conflict. In order to grasp the general characteristics of the participants, frequency and descriptive statistics were used. Also, Pearson's correlation was applied to the relationships amomg boys' self-control, marital behaviors and marital conflict on boys' aggression. Lastly, the variables that can predict boys' aggression were analyzed through multiple regression analysis by SPSS 19.0. The major results of this study were as follows. This research showed that this model fit well for boys. To summarize the important results, what is interesting in the present study is the effect of the mother's role in rearing their sons. It was found that mothers' criticism, negative behaviors, and excessive interference can cause boys' high level of aggressiveness. Also, having parents who fight frequently was strongly associated with boys' relational aggression. An interesting finding is that the mother's support influenced boys' reactive-overt aggression. Lastly, boys' self-control was highly associated with boys' proactive-relational aggression. This research may contribute to understanding boys' aggression' subtypes. To that end, the current results suggest that the dimensions of the functions and forms may be a useful tool in an effort to inform developmental theory and intervention. Also, this research may provide guidance for the resolution of problems caused by boys' aggression. Lastly, it was found that self- control training and parental education programs might prove beneficial for helping aggressive boys to overcome their aggressive impulses.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.489-504
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• 2009

This study explored differences in maternal parenting behaviors, children's emotional intelligence, and daily hassles by children's sex and types of aggression. Subjects were 200 children in 4th, 5th, and 6th grade and their mothers from four elementary schools. Instruments were the Maternal Parenting Behaviors Scale (Kim, 2006), the Emotional Intelligence Scale (Lee, 1997), the Daily Hassles Scale(Min & Yoo, 1998), and the Peer-nomination Measure (Crick, 1995; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. Findings revealed that the relational aggressive group had higher emotional intelligence and more daily hassles; girls had higher level of daily hassles than boys. Maternal parenting behaviors did not differ by child's sex and type of aggression.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.6 s.220
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• pp.87-102
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between male adolescent friendship jealousy and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and aggression. The subjects were 204 middle school second graders. The main findings of the study were as follows, 1) There was a significant correlation between friendship jealousy and all emotion types. 2) The type of friendship jealousy was significantly different according to the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. 3) The type of friendship jealousy was significantly different according to relational aggression. 4) The relational aggression was affected by blaming-others strategies.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.111-124
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• 2010

The major purpose of this study was to explore mediating effects of narcissism between perceived popularity and aggression in adolescence. The subjects who participated in this study were 783 middle school students based in Busan. The results indicated that perceived popularity and narcissism were positively correlated to overt and relational aggression. The effects of perceived popularity on overt and relational aggression was perfectly mediated by narcissism. Athletic and fighting abilities were more important for boys' perceived popularity, but active involvement in social activity and appearance were more important for girls' perceived popularity. It was further observed that having a good sense of humour was the most important determinant of perceived popularity, irrespective of gender.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.149-168
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• 2006

This study examined the effects of maternal parenting behaviors, children's social information processing, daily hassles, and emotional regulation on school-age children's aggressive behaviors using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) analysis. Subjects were 589 children in 4, 5, 6th grade and their mothers from three elementary schools in Seoul, Korea. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and SEM analysis by SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 4.0. The SEM shows differences between overtly aggressive and relationally aggressive children. Maternal parenting behaviors affected their children's overt aggression through children's emotional regulation. Additionally, maternal parenting behaviors affected children's overt aggression through children's daily hassles and social information processing. Maternal parenting behaviors influenced children's relational aggression through children's daily hassles and children's social information processing.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.209-224
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• 2009

This study examined the development of children's perceptions of popular and unpopular peers. Subjects were 784 children in kindergarten, $2^{nd}$, $4^{th}$, and $6^{th}$ grades. Research findings were that : (1)socio-metric popularity and perceived popularity correlated positively with athletic ability, academic ability, and prosocial behavior. Whereas two subtypes of aggression(physical aggression and relational aggression) correlated negatively with sociometric popularity, perceived popularity correlated positively with relational aggression in 6th grade. (2)Social behaviors consistently emerged across developmental periods as predictors of popularity. (3)Academic ability was an important characteristic of popular children. (4)Teachers' praise and punishment affected popularity in kindergarten and $2^{nd}$grade children, but peer effect was more important for $4^{th}$ and $6^{th}$graders.