• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.273-276
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• 1998

Chinese foxglove (Rehmannia glutinosa) is receiving much attention as one of the principal medicinal crops and the crude drug damand expands rapidly. This study was conducted to obtain the basic breeding information of Chinese foxglove. Meristem culture was employed for virus free seedling production and miropropagation. Both Jiwhang 1 and domestic local were severely infected by potexvirus and TMV. Several growth regulators were used for the virus free stock production from Jiwhang 1 and Danyang local. Shoot formation and callus induction from the meristem culture seemed to be influenced by the content of various kinds of plant growth regulators. Kinetin supplement was the most effective on shoot formation and NAA addition was good on callus induction among the treatments. The acquired virus free stocks were confirmed using transmission electron microscope and indicate plants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2008

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to identify the genetic diversities among and within varieties and landraces of Rehmannia glutinosa. Polymorphic and reproducible bands were produced by 10 primers out of total 20 primers used in the experiment. In RAPD analysis of the 11 genotypes, 64 fragments out of 73 amplified genomic DNA fragments were polymorphic which represented an average 6.4 polymorphic fragments per primer. Number of amplified fragments with random primers ranged from 2 (OPA-1) to 13 (OPA-11) and varied in size from 200 bp to 1,400 bp. Especially, OPA-10, OPA-11 and OPA-19 primers showed specific bands for varieties of Korea Jiwhang and Jiwhang il ho, which could be useful for discriminating from other varieties and landraces of R. glutinosa. Percentage polymorphism ranged from a minimum of 50% (OPA-1) to a maximum of 100% (OPA-11), with an average of 87.7%. Similarity coefficients were higher in the genotypes of Korea Jiwhang and Jiwhang il ho than in other populations. In cluster analysis, genotypes of Korea Jiwhang, Jiwhang il ho, and Japanese accession were separated from those of other varieties and landraces. Average of genetic diversity within the population $(H_S)$ was 0.110, while average of total genetic diversity $(H_T)$ was 0.229. Across all RAPD makers the $G_{ST}$ value was 0.517, indicating that about 52% of the total genetic variation could be explained by RAPDs differences while the remaining 48% might be attributable to differences among samples. Consequently, RAPD analysis was useful method to discriminate different populations such as domestic varieties and other landraces. The results of the present study will be used to understand the population and evolutionary genetics of R. gllutinosa.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.84-87
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• 2008

Kokang is a high-quality, disease resistant and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, during the period from 1997 to 2005. The reproduction of Rehmania glutinosa has been accomplished mainly by vegetative propagation with its seedlings have many variants. The cultivar was selected from seedling of Jihwang 1. The plant type of Kokang is some rising from ground. It has higher disease resistance, catalpol content and extract content compared with Jihwang 1. Regional yield trials conducted at three site from 2003 to 2005. The root yield of Kokang was 11.8ton per hectare, which was increased 13% compared with a check variety, Jihwang 1. This cultivar is adaptable to the whole of Korea except for mountain areas.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 1999

We investigated the biological activities on ethanol extracts of R. glutinosa and R. glutinosa Preparata. The result of anti-mutagenicity suggested that the ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata showed stronger activity than that of R. glutinosa ethanol extract. All of the ethanol extracts showed over 50% growth inhibition of several cancer cell lines. Especially, 61% of the cell growth of Hep3B was inhibited by adding 1g/ l of ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata. In hypoglycemic activities and controlling blood pressure, 63.69% of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and 56.58% of ACE activities were inhibited by adding 1g/ l of ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata. In general, the ethanol extract of R. glutinosa Preparata showed higher biological activities than those of R. glutinosa.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of Rehmannia glutinosa's essential oils with Rehmanniae Radix herbal acupuncture Methods : I obtained the essential oils of Rehmannia Radix by hydrodistillation extraction method and supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method, and then I analyzed those by GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum). Results : 1. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 9 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the SFE method. The main compounds were as follows : Hexachloroethane(2.24%), N-Butyl-benzenesulfonamide(2.05%), hexadecanoic acid(1.93%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester(3.49%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(z,z)(2.70%), (9E)-9-Octadecenoic acid(6.14%), ethyl linoleate(4.43%), ethyl oleate(5.80%). 2. I failed to get Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. 3. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 4 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. The main compounds were as follows : Ethylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine(1.04%), 2-(Trimethylsiloxy)benzoic methyl ester(2.65%), Hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester(12.61%), octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester(6.28%). Conclusions : The substances by hydrodistillation method may not perfectly match with the substances by supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method in essential oils extracted form Rehmanniae Radix. But, the main substances was assumed Hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.559-564
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• 2018

Rehmannia glutinosa root (R. root) has been used as an traditional medicine, and is important resource for natural medicines and functional foods. However, R. root contains catalpol which is bitter, and undigested sugars, including stachyose and raffinose, which can cause diarrhea. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the changes in reducing sugar from undigested sugars and in catalpol contents in R. root slurry induced by aging treatments. R. root slurry was treated at $10{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ for up to 72 hr; and extracted with a 50% ethanol solution. The catalpol content was analyzed using HPLC-UVD. Reducing sugar content generated from undigested sugars was measured by the Nelson-Somogyi methods, and the reaction rates were calculated from their variation according to aging time and temperature. During the aging treatment, reducing sugar increased and catalpol decreased. Their formation and degradation rates were highest at $50^{\circ}C$ and $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, and their rates were $2.05mg/g{\cdot}hr$ and 23.09 to 23.33%/hr, respectively. These results indicated that aging treatment can positively affect the sweetness and digestibility of R. root slurry. Therefore, an aging treatment could be considered for improving the taste and digestibility of R. root.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2017

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent and unpredictable seizures that are usually controlled with antiepileptic/anticonvulsive drugs. However, most antiepileptic drugs produce various side effects such as tolerance and sedation. Thus, there is a growing interest for alternative anticonvulsive drugs, preferably from natural or herbal sources. In this study, we evaluated the anticonvulsive effects of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG). The anticonvulsive effect of RG extract was evaluated using electroshock- and chemical-induced seizure tests in mice. To identify its probable mechanism of action, the effects of RG extract on $Cl^-$ influx was measured in vitro. We found that RG extract has anticonvulsive effects against electroshock-induced seizures, as indicated by an increased seizure threshold in mice. The RG extract also decreased the percentage of seizure responses induced by the GABAergic antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. These results suggest that the anticonvulsive effects of RG extract are mediated through a GABAergic mechanism. In support of this mechanism, our in vitro test showed that RG extract increases intracellular $Cl^-$ influx. Furthermore, RG extract did not show sedative and/or muscle relaxant effects in the open-field and rota-rod tests. Altogether, these results confirm that RG extract could be a herbal anticonvulsant and a potential alternative for clinical use.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.47-61
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• 2021

Objectives : 'Steaming and drying' is a traditional processing method that has been used to produce Suk-ji-hwang (熟地黃; Rehmanniae Radix Preparata) from Ji-hwang (地黃, the fresh root of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz ex Steudel; Rehmanniae Radix). The steaming and drying process, which is proceeded in heating and moisturizing conditions, plays a crucial role in the change of therapeutic effect of Ji-hwang, presumably due to the modification of its chemical constituents. In this article, the chemical influence of the 'Steaming and drying' process was investigated for understanding the underlying mechanism of chemical modification of Ji-hwang. Methods : The articles regarding the modifications of chemical constituents of Ji-hwang during the 'Steaming and drying' process were collected and analyzed to investigate the influence of the processing to Ji-hwang. Results : The results indicated that iridoid glycosides were degraded to their aglycones and sugars, and such degradations occurred faster at a high pressure than at an atmospheric pressure during the process. The contents of catalpol, ajugol, and acteoside were decreased, while those of rehmannioside A and D were slightly increased during the repeated processing. The contents of oligosaccharides, namely sucrose, maltose, raffinose, and stachyose (except for manninotriose), were decreased, while those of monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, were increased by the repeated processing. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that the 'Steaming and drying' process influenced the chemical constituents of Ji-hwang and provide probable basis for the therapeutic modification of Suk-ji-hwang after the processing of Ji-hwang.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1999

Basic informations for direct somatic embryo formation in Rehmannja glutinosa Lib. were obtained in 500ml erlenmyer flask. The ratio of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen of 825(mg/l) : 1900(mg/l) was proper condition for somatic embryo formation from stem and petiole explants and 3% sucrose was the most effective carbon source. Full strength MS medium with 2mg/l BA was better than LS medium for somatic embryogenesis. The initial pH 5.7 of medium(full strength MS with 2.0mg/l BA and 0.1mg/l NAA) was good for embryo production. Potassium ion was taken up rapidly within 2 weeks. while $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ ion contents were almost constant during culture period. Sucrose hydrolysis occurred throughout the culture, while glucose and fructose were absorbed simultaneously from the third week of culture.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2018

Objectives : This study was carried out to enhance the activity of Iksuyoungjingo, which has the tonify Qi, nourish Yin effect of oriental medicine, and to study the effect of the prescriptions on the immunological activities. Methods : Immunosuppression was induced by methotrexate (MTX) 2 mg / kg, the experimental group was divided into IYGgami-I, IYGgami-I-F, IYGgami-II and IYGgami-II-F groups. Each prescription was administered with drinking water for 20 days, and body weight was measured every 5 days during this period. Leukocyte, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2, IL-6, IgE, spleen weight and body weight were measured Results : In the changes of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2 and IL-6 as pro-inflammatory elements, all of the experimental groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the IgE changes, the IYGgami-I-F, IYGgami-II and IYGgami-II-F groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the changes of spleen weight, the IYGgami-II-F group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the changes of WBC and lymphocytes, the IYGgami-I-F group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Conclusions : From the above results, it can be observed that the efficacy against immunity is exerted in all of the preparations, and it was confirmed that the efficacy was maintained constant even when utilizing the Rehmannia glutinosa Residue and Poria cocos Bark, and that a more beneficial effect can be exerted in the effectiveness when the fermentation is carried out.