• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1933-1936
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• 2016

Heavy metals are known to disrupt important physiological processes in living cells, and have been responsible for various pathological conditions with possible contributions to cancer development. Food contamination have been identified as one of the ways humans are exposed to heavy metals. In developing countries like Nigeria, the regulatory framework for enforcing compliance with globally acceptable exposure to deleterious contaminants is poor. In the current study, thirteen samples of cured meat products of diverse origin marketed in South-west Nigeria were evaluated for lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel contents using the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. All the samples analysed contained cadmium between 0.35 and 1.20 ppm, levels considered higher than acceptable limits in consumable products. Lead, chromium and nickel were not detected in any of the samples. As known cumulative poisons, there is the need for stringent regulatory control of these heavy metals in cured meat products imported into or produced indigenously in the country in order to minimize the risks to public health.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.881-891
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• 2020

In recent years robotics has become an important resource in engineering. Adoption of Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) in activities related to ship inspections has obvious potential advantages, but also arises particular challenges, both from technical and legal viewpoints. The ROBINS project (ROBotics technology for INspection of Ships) is a collaborative project co-funded within the H2020 EU Research and Innovation programme call, aimed at filling the gap between current ship inspections approach and available robotic technology, both from technological and regulatory point of view. Main goal of the present work is to highlight how ship inspections are currently carried out by humans, how they could be improved using RAS, even if not completely autonomous for the time being, at least in selected operational scenarios and how the performances of RAS platforms can be tested to assess their effectiveness in carrying out surveys onboard. In such a framework, a testing facility aimed at assessing RAS' capabilities as well as providing suitable environment for their development has been built and it is still under development along with dedicated testing protocols, able to assess the equivalence between human and RAS inspection of ship and marine structures. The features of a testing facility where RAS can be tested and the testing protocols are presented, showing how technological and regulatory gaps are filled.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2021

The article assesses the functioning of the DE system or a separate educational institution, where it can be carried out on the basis of developed criteria or on a regulatory basis. The assessment was carried out on the basis of a qualitative and quantitative nature by comparing the actual state of affairs with a certain "ideal" (educational standard), which must be defined and used as a kind of benchmark against which the assessment is made. Conducted an assessment based on a regulatory framework that represents an alternative approach. It has been emphasized that the exceptional difficulty in determining the ideal indicators (norms) of the activities of universities, it has been found that the normative approach, in which the activities of traditional and open universities are compared, taking into account the differences in social, cultural and economic conditions, is the most acceptable.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.264-274
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• 2023

Purpose: The objective is to extract insights that can contribute to the formulation of harmonized international policies and support measures for innovative medical devices and management systems. This study aims to propose effective strategies for future medical device innovation and healthcare delivery. Results: It investigates technological advancements, regulatory approval systems, insurance policies, and successful commercialization cases in South Korea, the United States, and the European Union. In 2018, the FDA implemented insurance coverage for Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) and recognized insurance coverage for Digital Therapeutics (DTx). Germany is a country that ensures permanent reimbursement for healthcare applications since 2020, making it the first country to provide legal health insurance coverage for fostering a digital ecosystem. Conclusion: The findings of this research highlight the importance of cultivating a supportive regulatory and environmental framework to facilitate the adoption of innovative medical devices. Continuous support for research and development (R&D) efforts by companies, along with the validation of clinical effectiveness, is crucial.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.269-289
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• 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted supply chains across the world. When the pandemic broke out, the disruptions were mainly due to the lockdowns imposed in various countries. The WTO has predicted that the pandemic might cause world trade to decline by 13 to 32 per cent in 2020. This paper will examine the implications of COVID-19 on digital trade, particularly the use of blockchain in the Asia Pacific. The Asia Pacific (particularly Singapore and Hong Kong) is a leader in the use of digital technologies. This paper will thus attempt to draw out lessons from the first movers for the rest of Asia. It will examine the bottlenecks in the application of this technology in the Asia Pacific countries, and the need for regulatory changes in the Asia-Pacific. It will trace the technology's barriers to adoption, both as regards interoperability, and regulatory framework. The advantages of blockchain technology in trade finance are clear; it can promote trade efficiency, mitigate risk and expand trade to other regions. However, earlier efforts to introduce digital technologies have failed. More collaborative efforts are required, so that networks can connect seamlessly on a single technology platform, and meet the demand for trade finance. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have provided an enabling environment for the intensification of digital efforts, increasing their urgency; should these measures indeed successfully occur, they will improve the resiliency of supply chains across the region.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2024

This review paper provides a detailed analysis of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle recycling in Japan. Japan is a global leader in PET bottle recycling due to its advanced regulatory framework and proactive industry initiatives. Japan's success attributes to the widespread adoption of bottle-to-bottle recycling, driven by the beverage industry's commitment to sustainability. By utilizing post-consumer PET bottle recovery and food-grade mechanical recycling technologies, Japan has achieved significant milestones in PET bottle recycling. This paper examines regulatory frameworks, collection systems, reprocessing facilities, and food safety assessments to highlight Japan's innovative approaches to PET bottle recycling and their impact on global sustainability efforts. Drawing parallels with Korea's early stages of PET recycling, it suggests involving major beverage companies and re-evaluating regulations to promote bottle-to-bottle recycling. The focus is on the implications for Korea to promote circular economy principles in plastic recycling.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2024

The maritime industry, responsible for 80% of global freight transport, heavily pollutes the environment through traditional fossil fuels. The International Maritime Organization aims to reduce sulfur and greenhouse gas emissions, but faces technical and financial challenges. Hydrogen fuel cells present a promising alternative with high efficiency and low emissions. This study examines the legal and regulatory frameworks needed for hydrogen bunkering across land, port, and sea. Key legislation includes the High-pressure Gas Safety Control Act, Hydrogen Economy Promotion and Hydrogen Safety Management Act, Harbor Act, Harbor Authority Act, Marine Transportation Act, and Harbor Transport Business Act. The study identifies overlapping regulations and proposes integrated solutions. The findings underscore the necessity of strict safety standards and legislative amendments to recognize hydrogen as a ship fuel. Establishing a comprehensive legal framework is essential for safe and efficient hydrogen bunkering. Continuous updates through international cooperation and standardized regulations are crucial for adopting hydrogen fuel cells, ensuring a sustainable and environmentally friendly maritime industry.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.195-216
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• 2016

In determining the content of the FET standard, the tribunals stated protection of investor's legitimate expectations, due process and denial of justice, transparency, discrimination and arbitrariness, good faith, etc. The most major elements of the FET standard is the protection of the investor's legitimate and reasonable expectations. It is necessary to consider whether it is possible to what the expectations of investors are protected as legitimate and it is formed under any circumstances. If host state frustrate investor's legitimate expectations, it found a breach of the FET. The host state's specific assurance may reinforce investor's expectations, but such explicit statement is not always necessary. The host state must preserve a stable environment for investments. However, It must not be understood as the inalterability of the host state's legal framework. It implies that the host state's subsequent changes should be made consistently and predictably. The host state is entitled to exercise a reasonable regulatory authority to respond to changing circumstances in the public purpose. Therefore, whether the violation FET shall be determined through a balanced against the investor's legitimate expectations and the host state's reasonable regulatory exercise in the public interest. And investor should keep in mind that the principle of proportionality is applied unless host state provides stabilization clause or similar commitments to investor. Also host state should establish the basis of an argument about reasonable regulatory authority for public interest.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.194-218
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• 2008

본 연구는 다양하고 동태적인 과학기술 환경에 부합할 수 있는 과학기술혁신 민-관 협력 메카니즘의 구성요소를 협력사업의 추진목적, 추진주체, 대상사업측면에서 파악하여 과학기술혁신을 위한 민관협력 활성화를 위한 정책적 시사점을 얻고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 네덜란드, 호주, 오스트리아 및 프랑스 6개 프로그램에서 나타나는 민-관 협력 메카니즘의 구성요소와 민-관간 역할분담관계를 살펴보고 과학기술혁신부문 민-관 협력 메카니즘의 유형과 특성을 분석하였다. 비교연구를 통하여 나타난 6개 프로그램의 공통점은 민-관 협력 메카니즘이 국가기술혁신체제 내 혁신주체 간 연계성을 강화시키는 작동기제로 운영되고 있으며 참여주체간의 지속적인 상호작용적 관계(interactive relationship)를 유지하며 참여주체간 목표(common objectives)를 공유하는 수준이 높고 경제적 측면보다 과학기술활동 주체들 간의 연계 및 네트워크 구축의 외부성(externality)을 중시하고 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 연구개발자금의 최적 배분 및 재원조달방식을 통하여 과학기술혁신 주체간 위험과 편익의 공유를 통해 새로운 협력연구수행 인센티브를 균형적으로 조정하고 있으며, 민관 R&D간 상호보충성 제고를 통한 시너지 효과를 모색하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.811-831
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• 2024

본 논문은 1차 목적과 2차 목적을 가지고 작성됐다. 1차 목적은 가상자산 커스터디 서비스에 대한 종합적인 서베이와 글로벌 규제 동향 및 기술적 시사점을 탐구하는 것이다. 이를 위해 가상자산 커스터디 솔루션의 장단점, 분류 체계, 기술적 취약점 등을 다룬 기존 서베이 논문을 종합적으로 검토했다. 또한, 법률적 측면에서 최신 규제 흐름과 기존 규제 프레임워크의 적용 사례, 커스터디 업무 수행에 필요한 조건, 서비스 제공자의 의무사항을 분석했다. 2차 목적은 규제권 밖에서 운영되는 DeFi 프로토콜을 'Gray Area'로 식별하고, 이들의 기술적/거버넌스적 메커니즘을 분석하는 것이다. 최종적으로, 위 서베이 내용을 종합하여 DeFi 프로토콜의 탈중앙화 평가 기준 가이드라인을 제시하고, 이를 통해 제도권 내 통합 가능성을 제기함으로써, 업계 전문가, 규제 기관, 정책 입안자 등 이해관계자들에게 업계의 요구와 사회적 이익의 균형을 찾는 데 중요한 인사이트를 제공하고자 한다.