• Mycobiology
• /
• 제51권3호
• /
• pp.139-147
• /
• 2023

Aspergillus sojae has long been considered a domesticated strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. This study delineated relationships among the two species and an Aspergillus PWE36 isolate. Of 25 examined clustered aflatoxin genes of PWE36, 20 gene sequences were identical to those of A. sojae, but all had variations to those of A. parasiticus. Additionally, PWE36 developmental genes of conidiation and sclerotial formation, overall, shared higher degrees of nucleotide sequence identity with A. sojae genes than with A. parasiticus genes. Examination of defective cyclopiazonic acid gene clusters revealed that the PWE36 deletion pattern was identical only to those of A. sojae. Using A. sojae SMF134 genome sequence as a reference, visualization of locally collinear blocks indicated that PWE36 shared higher genome sequence homologies with A. sojae than with A. parasiticus. Phylogenetic inference based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and total SNP counts showed that A. sojae strains formed a monophyletic clade and were clonal. Two (Argentinian and Ugandan) A. parasiticus isolates but not including an Ethiopian isolate formed a monophyletic clade, which showed that A. parasiticus population is genetically diverse and distant to A. sojae. PWE36 and A. sojae shared a most recent common ancestor (MRCA). The estimated divergence time for PWE36 and A. sojae was about 0.4 mya. Unlike Aspergillus oryzae, another koji mold that includes genetically diverse populations, the findings that current A. sojae strains formed a monophyletic group and shared the MRCA with PWE36 allow A. sojae to be continuously treated as a species for food safety reasons.

• 한국병원경영학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.14-23
• /
• 2023

Purposes: The Specialty hospital designation policy had launched in 2011 and 110 designated specialty hospitals have been operating nationwide in 2022. This study was to estimate the market share of specialty hospitals for the specific diseases compared to other types of hospitals. Methodology: Data were derived from the National Health Insurance Claim data from 2018 to 2019. Subjects were all the inpatients with MDC(Major Disease Category) that specialty hospitals specialized in. A total of 34,231,387 claims were analyzed to estimate the market share. Findings: 90 specialty hospitals were responsible for 2.4 percent of inpatient care with specific diseases for specialty hospitals. There were regional variations in the market share of the specialty hospitals as the number of specialty hospitals in regions. Specialty hospitals' market shares were relatively high in burn(31.3%), ophthalmology(16.4%), obstetrics and gynecology(7.1%), alcohol(6.0%), joint(3.7%), spine(2.7%). After adjusting the number of inpatients per hospital, hospitals specialized in burn, alcohol, ophthalmology, breast, joint, obstetrics and gynecology, and hand replantation had treated more patients than tertiary hospitals. Practical Implications: Although specialty hospitals' market share was small, some types of specialty hospitals had an impact on the regional market as well as the national level market. To improve patients' accessibility to a specialty hospital, it is necessary to government supports non-specialized hospitals to change into specialty hospitals in certain fields and regions where the number of specialty hospitals is insufficient.

• 대한치매학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.127-135
• /
• 2024

Background and Purpose: To ensure data privacy, the development of defacing processes, which anonymize brain images by obscuring facial features, is crucial. However, the impact of these defacing methods on brain imaging analysis poses significant concern. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of three different defacing methods in automated brain volumetry. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional T1 sequences was performed on ten patients diagnosed with subjective cognitive decline. Defacing was executed using mri_deface, BioImage Suite Web-based defacing, and Defacer. Brain volumes were measured employing the QBraVo program and FreeSurfer, assessing intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the mean differences in brain volume measurements between the original and defaced images. Results: The mean age of the patients was 71.10±6.17 years, with 4 (40.0%) being male. The total intracranial volume, total brain volume, and ventricle volume exhibited high ICCs across the three defacing methods and 2 volumetry analyses. All regional brain volumes showed high ICCs with all three defacing methods. Despite variations among some brain regions, no significant mean differences in regional brain volume were observed between the original and defaced images across all regions. Conclusions: The three defacing algorithms evaluated did not significantly affect the results of image analysis for the entire brain or specific cerebral regions. These findings suggest that these algorithms can serve as robust methods for defacing in neuroimaging analysis, thereby supporting data anonymization without compromising the integrity of brain volume measurements.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.247-258
• /
• 2015

Exposure of high concentration of ground-level ozone (GLO) can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, asthma, bronchitis and congestion. There are substantial human and animal toxicological data that support health effects associated with exposure to ozone and associations have been observed with a wide range of outcomes in epidemiological studies. The aim of the present study is to estimate the spatial distributions of GLO using geostatistical method (ordinary kriging) for assessing the exposure level of ozone in the eastern part of Texas, U.S.A. GLO data were obtained from 63 U.S. EPA's monitoring stations distributed in the region of study during the period January, 2012 to December, 2012. The descriptive statistics indicate that the spatial monthly mean of daily maximum 8 hour ozone concentrations ranged from 30.33 ppb (in January) to 48.05 (in June). The monthly mean of daily maximum 8 hour ozone concentrations was relatively low during the winter months (December, January, and February) and the higher values observed during the summer months (April, May, and June). The higher level of spatial variations observed in the months of July (Standard Deviation: 10.33) and August (Standard Deviation: 10.02). This indicates the existence of regional variations in climatic conditions in the study area. The range of the semivariogram models varied from 0.372 (in November) to 15.59 (in April). The value of the range represents the spatial patterns of ozone concentrations. Kriging maps revealed that the spatial patterns of ozone concentration were not uniform in each month. This may be due to uneven fluctuation in the local climatic conditions from one region to another. Thus, the formation and dispersion processes of ozone also change unevenly from one region to another. The ozone maps clearly indicate that the concentration values found maximum in the north-east region of the study area in most of the months. Part of the coastal area also showed maximum concentrations during the months of October, November, December, and January.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2017

The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and variability of the oak pollen concentrations over the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) simulated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ)-based pollen dispersion model, which is the CMAQ-pollen model integrated with the improved oak pollen emission model(PEM-oak). The PEM-oak model developed is based on hourly emission flux parameterization that includes the effects of plant-specific release, meteorological adjustment, and diurnal variations of oak pollen concentrations. A 33 day-run for oak pollen simulation was conducted by the CMAQ-pollen model with a 3 km spatial resolution for the SMR during the 2014 spring pollen season. Modeled concentrations were evaluated against the hourly measurements at three Burkard sampling sites. Temporal variations of oak concentrations were largely well represented by the model, but the quantitative difference between simulations and measurements was found to be significant in some periods. The model results also showed that large variations in oak pollen concentrations existed in time and space and high concentrations in the SMR were closely associated with the regional transport under strong wind condition. This study showed the effective application of the CMAQ-pollen modeling system to simulate oak pollen concentration in the SMR. Our results could be helpful in providing information on allergenic pollen exposure. Further efforts are needed to further understand the oak pollen release characteristics such as interannual variation of the oak pollen productivity and its spatio-temporal flowering timing.

• 한국경제지리학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.215-230
• /
• 2014

본 논문은 지역의 역사적인 맥락을 중심으로 인지문화경제의 발전으로 이어지는 궤적을 살펴보고, 이에 따른 공간적 변화 및 문화 사회적 변동을 '글로컬라이제이션'이라는 주제로 관찰하고 함의점을 알아보고자 한다. 이때 특히 최근 창조경제에서 중요한 '문화콘텐츠'분야에 집중하고자 한다. 오늘날 대두되고 있는 '창조성'은 이미 오래전부터 공간 경제 사회문화적인 변화의 관련성과 깊은 연관을 맺어왔다고 할 수 있으며, 이것이 '인지문화경제'라고 하는 새로운 경제체제로 변화하기 시작했다고 할 수 있다. 이는 경제지리와 지역발전에 깊은 영향을 미치게 되며, 특히, 지역발전을 주도하게 된다. 이러한 맥락에 따른 문화변동의 특징은 재현과 이미지의 해석 등 추상적인 담론에서, 지역단위에서 실제적으로 일어나는 프로젝트로 등으로 대변하게 되며 보다 구체적인 특징을 지니게 된다. 더 나아가 글로컬라이제이션 시대의 지역발전의 가능성은 한류와 같은 문화콘텐츠를 통해 확인할 수 있다. SNS 등과 같은 현대 미디어의 환경은 서로 소통하는 공간의 기능뿐만 아니라 로컬 단위의 콘텐츠를 전 세계로 확대할 수 있는 역할을 담당하면서 공간을 확대시키고 있다. 향후 글로컬 콘텐츠의 보다 높은 가능성을 위해 공간과 지역의 연계 강조, 다양한 주체들의 유기적인 연계와 활성화, 로컬 단위의 발전성을 담보하기 위한 인프라 구축 등의 주기적인 노력이 수반되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.399-410
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 호두나무에 대하여 단기임산물 재배적 지도를 바탕으로 기후변화를 고려한 전국의 재배가능지역을 MaxEnt 모델을 이용하여 추출하였다. RCP 4.5 및 8.5 시나리오와 HadGEM2-AO모델을 이용하여 2050년대와 2070년대의 기후변화에 따른 재배지역 변화를 예측하였다. 분석결과, 미래의 재배적지면적을 현재 수치와 비교하였을 때, RCP 4.5에서는 충청남도, 전라북도, 전라남도에 이르는 우리나라 서쪽 지역이 주로 감소할 것으로 나타났으며, RCP 8.5에서는 경상북도, 경상남도 일부 지역을 중심으로 감소할 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 평균고도가 600m 이상으로 높은 지역인 강원도는 2070년대 RCP 4.5에서 18.3%, RCP 8.5에서 56.6%가 증가할 것으로 나타나 기후변화의 영향 정도에 따라 전국적으로 재배가능지역의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 현재 호두 생산량이 가장 많은 지역을 분석한 결과 공주시, 김천시, 영동군은 2070년대에는 RCP 8.5에서 재배지역의 감소가 클 것으로 예상되었으며, 공주시는 RCP 4.5에서 감소폭이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 무주군과 천안시는 현재의 재배가능지역이 모든 시나리오에서 유지될 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 미래 기후변화에 따른 영향이 불가피한 상황에서 예상되는 피해를 최소화하고 경쟁력 있는 임산물 생산을 위한 기후변화 영향평가 자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제98권6호
• /
• pp.757-763
• /
• 2009

우리나라에서 주요 장뇌삼 재배지역인 진안, 홍천, 풍기, 안동, 영주 등 5개 지역을 대상으로 지역 간 유연관계를 분석하였으며 산삼의 cDNA library 구축을 통하여 EST 분석을 실시하였다. 24개의 ISSR 표지자를 이용하여 PCR을 수행한 결과, 총 127개의 다형적 증폭산물을 얻을 수 있었으며 지역별로는 영주가 다형적 증폭산물의 수가 18개로 가장 많았다. 유집분석을 수행한 결과, 지역 간 유사도 범위는 0.46~0.58의 범위로 나타났고 영주를 제외한 홍천과 풍기, 안동과 진안이 각각 다른 그룹을 형성함에 따라 지리적 거리와 유전적 유사도와의 관련성은 찾을 수 없었다. 산삼 뿌리에서 cDNA library를 구축하여 EST를 통해 유전자 기능을 분석하였으며 11개의 cDNA의 염기서열을 결정한 후 아미노산 상동성을 비교한 결과, 9개의 EST들이 기능이 알려진 유전자들과 상동성을 나타내었고 2개는 기능이 알려지지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 Homeodomain transcription factor 유전자와 상동성을 나타낸 PGM002를 탐침 DNA로 만들어 장뇌삼의 잎과 뿌리를 대상으로 Northern Blot을 실시한 결과, 장뇌삼의 뿌리에서만 발현되는 전사체임을 확인하였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 1999

본 연구는 한국에 있어서 초가을의 강수 변동성과 표준화된 편차에 의하여 선정된 소우년과 다우년의 지상 및 500hPa 등압면을 비교 분석한 연구이다. 한국의 초가을의 강수량은 감소하지만 강수변동율은 급격히 증가하여 해에 따른 가을장마전선의 성쇠와 태풍성 강수의 유무를 반영하고 있다. 강수변동율의 지역적 분포는 초가을의 강수량이 많은 동해안과 남동해안 지방은 낮은 반면 남서안이 높아서 서고동저현상을 나타내고 있다. 지상 및 500hPa면의 편차분포에서 소우년은 시베리아 북부 및 하계 북태평양고기압의 중심역이 심한 음편차, 다우년은 소우년과 반대로 이 양 지역이 심한 양편차를 이루어 대조를 이루고 있다. 또한 500hPa면 고도장에서 소우년의 한반도는 깊은 trough의 서쪽에 위치하여 한반도 주변은 동서지수가 낮고 다우년은 약한 trough에 속하여 동서지수가 높아 동서류가 강하며, 소우년은 $40^{\circ}N$ 이북에서는 500hPa면 고도가 낮고 다우년은 높다. 따라서 소우년과 다우년의 출현현상은 북태평양 고기압과 시베리아 고기압 성쇠의 계절적 변동을 반영하고 있음을 확인하였다.

• Ocean Science Journal
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.223-232
• /
• 2008

In order to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrient profiles in the shallow pore water columns (upper 30 cm depth) of intertidal sandflats, we measured the salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water and seawater at various coastal environments along the southern coast of Korea. In the intertidal zone, salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water showed marked vertical changes with depth, owing to the active exchange between the pore water and overlying seawater, while they are temporally more stable and vertically constant in the sublittoral zone. In some cases, the advective flow of fresh groundwater caused strong vertical gradients of salinity and nutrients in the upper 10 cm depth of surface sediments, indicating the active mixing of the fresher groundwater with overlying seawater. Such upper pore water column profiles clearly signified the temporal fluctuation of lower-salinity and higher-Si seawater intrusion into pore water in an intertidal sandflat near the mouth of an estuary. We also observed a semimonthly fluctuation of pore water nutrients due to spring-neap tide associated recirculation of seawater through the upper sediments. Our study shows that the exchange of water and nutrients between shallow pore water and overlying seawater is most active in the upper 20 cm layer of intertidal sandflats, due to physical forces such as tides, wave set-up, and density-thermal gradient.