• Title/Summary/Keyword: Regional variations

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SO2 Concentrations and Health Damages under Alternative US-EPA Policies (US-EPA 정책하에서의 SO2 농도와 건강피해)

  • Hlasny, Vladimir
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.393-430
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    • 2009
  • This study uses a computable partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry to evaluate sulfur dioxide concentrations under two environmental policies. The policies, generator-level emission caps and tradable allowances, are selected to yield identical aggregate emissions. Regional concentrations are found to vary across the two policies significantly. These variations translate into different losses for individual states, and, nationwide, to differences of hundreds of millions of dollars in aggregate health damages. Emission caps outperform allowances by $452 million. Caps favor the southwestern, south-central and southeastern states, where they deliver $840 million lower damages than the other policies, while they deliver $390 million higher damages In northern and northeastern states.

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Simulation of Atmospheric CO2 Over Coastal Basin Urban Areas Using Meteorology-Vegetation Model (기상-식생 모델을 이용한 연안 분지 도시 지역의 대기 중 CO2 시뮬레이션)

  • Park, Changhyoun;Lee, Hwa Woon
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.729-739
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    • 2017
  • The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) were coupled to simulate atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. The performance of the WRF-VPRM to simulate regional scale $CO_2$ concentration was estimated over coastal basin areas. Either Hestia 2011(HST) or Vulcan 2002(VUL) anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission data were used in two numerical experiments for the study regions. Simulated meteorological variables were validated with ground and background $CO_2$ measurement data, and the results show that the model captured temporal variations of $CO_2$ concentration on a daily basis. $CO_2$ directional analysis revealed that the dominant $CO_2$ emission sources are located S and SW. The simulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) agreed relatively well with measured $CO_2$ fluxes at each vegetation class site, showing approximately 40% at max improvement at shrub areas.

Analysis of Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide using MOPITT data

  • Lee, Sang-Hee;Park, Gi-Hyuk;Lim, Hyo-Suk;Lee, Joo-Hee
    • Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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    • 2002.10a
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    • pp.373-377
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    • 2002
  • The Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument is an eight-channel gas correlation radiometer launched on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft in 1999. Its main objectives are to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) concentrations in the troposphere. This work analyzes tropospheric carbon monoxide distributions using MOPITT data in East Asia and compared ozone distributions. In general, seasonal CO variations are characterized by a spring peak and decreased in the summer. Also, this work revealed that the seasonal cycles of CO are spring maximum and summer minimum with averaged concentrations ranging from 118ppbv to 170ppbv. The CO monthly means show a similar profiles to those of O3. This fact clearly indicates that the high concentration of CO in spring is caused by two possible causes: the photochemical CO production in the troposphere, transport of the CO in the northeast Asia. The CO and O3 seasonal cycles in northeast Asia are influenced extensively by the seasonal exchange of the different types of air mass due to the Asian monsoon. The continental air masses contain high concentrations of O3 and CO due to higher continental background concentrations and sometimes due to the contribution of regional pollution. In summer the transport pattern is reversed. The Pacific marine air masses prevail over Korea, so that the marine air masses bring low concentrations of CO and O3, which tend to give the apparent minimum in summer.

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Transient Variations of the Surface Air Temperature Field of a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Model to Gradual Changes of Atmospheric $CO_2$ (대기 $CO_2$의 점증에 따른 대기/해양 접합 모형 지표 기온의 일시적 변동성 분석)

  • 하경자;하은호
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.27-35
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    • 1998
  • The present study intends to investigate the transient response of an atmosphere /ocean general circulation model to a gradual Increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. To detect the climatic change of the for 1% $CO_2$ run with increasing $CO_2$ and the control run with fried $CO_2$ are compared. From response of the surface air temperature due to the gradual increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide is slowly increased with latitudes and is clearly larger over continents than oceans. The annual goffal mean temperature is continuously increased with 0.03552 per one year with strong SIN ratio and distinguished from the natural variability The time dependent response of the gradual increasing $CO_2$ has the strong seasonal variability with small change In summer and large change in winter, and the strong regional In the Asian and the American continents. It has been suggested that the direct and the feedback processes in the climate systems should be investigated by the detailed sensitivity runs to get the meaninguul estimate of the $CO_2$ forced variability.

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Restoration of 19th-century Chugugi Rainfall Data for Wonju, Hamheung and Haeju, Korea (19세기 원주감영, 함흥감영, 해주감영 측우기 강우량 복원)

  • Kim, Sang-Won;Park, Jun-Sang;Kim, Jin-A;Hong, Yoon
    • Atmosphere
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.129-135
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    • 2012
  • This study restores rainfall measurements taken with the Chugugi (rain gauge) at Wonju, Hamheung, and Haeju from the Deungnok (government records from the Joseon Dynasty). We restored rainfall data corresponding to a total of 9, 13, and 18 years for Wonju, Hamheung, and Haeju, respectively. Based on the restored data, we reconstructed monthly rainfall data. Restoration was most successful for the rainy season months of June, July and August. The restored rainfall data were compared with the summer rainfall data for Seoul as recorded by the Seungjeongwon (Royal Secretariat). In June, the variation in the restored rainfall data was similar to that of the Seungjeongwon data for Seoul. In July and August, however, the variations in the reconstructed data were markedly different from those in the Seoul data (Seungjeongwon). In the case of the worst drought in the summer of 1888, a substantial shortage of rainfall was found in both the Seungjeongwon data for Seoul and the restored data for the three regional locations.

Visibility Variations in Korea in the 1980s and 1990s (1980년대와 1990년대 우리나라의 시정 변화)

  • 김영성;이시혜;김진영;문길주;김용표
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.503-514
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    • 2002
  • During the past two decades, primary pollutants in the ambient air have been substantially reduced in Korea by aggressive government efforts such as the switchover to clean fuels and equipment of automobiles with a three-way catalytic converter. However, visibility impairment in Seoul and major metropolitan areas has been a stubborn problem. It is apparent that both directly emitted fine particles mainly from vehicles and secondary fine particles from photochemical reactions could contribute to this visibility impairment. In addition, Korea is located downwind of the prevailing westerlies from China and is influenced by the emissions of air pollutants in China. In order to assess this complicated problem of visibility impairment, the visibility trends for the past 17 years observed at more than 60 stations throughout the country were analyzed. The results showed that visibilities were generally the lowest in the winter morning in comparison with those in the summer afternoon as well as the annual average values. It was believed that primary pollution was principally responsible for visibility impairment in most areas. The visibility in the summer afternoon was lower in clean coastal areas along with a high level of relative humidity due to the inflow of moist air accompanied by sea breeze. Although contributions of secondary particles from photochemical reactions and long-range transport of fine particles to the visibility impairment were probable, their certain evidences were not found.

Characteristics of Korean native strains in the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori (현재하는 한국 재래성의 형질특성)

  • 노시갑;이재만
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.10-13
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    • 2000
  • The objective of this research was to characterize of the silkworm that might be recognized to the Korean native strains. The eleven strains of Korean race used in this study, which is cultured in Korea and Japan seri-cultural research organs. Most of Korean varieties were three molting and univoltine, comparatively longer larval duration than the trimolter general. The egg characters of varieties showed short-eliptic shape and dark brown egg color except for a few varieties which shows greenish dark brown. Also, most of varieties were showed the plain(p) and moricaud( $p_{M}$) in larval markings. Moric marking of the varieties also consist of innumerable dark grayish brown lines and dots, though somewhat darker and lighter than that of the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina. Cocoon characters variations of varieties were seen in the size, color and shape. 8 varieties were colored cocoon, i.e., yellow, greenish yellow and light green etc., the others were white cocon. The shape of cocons were consisted of constricted shallowly in the middle and attenuated at one or both ends of cocoon, i.e., spindle. The results of this study is sufficient evidence that Korean strains were shown as the one of regional origin strain of domesticated silkworm such as the Chinese and Japanese etc.c.

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On the Regional Background Level of CO Observed at Tae-ahn Peninsula in Korea During 1990-1992 (한국의 태안반도에서 관측된 CO의 지역적 배경농도에 관한 연구)

  • 정용승;이근준
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.200-206
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    • 1993
  • Since November 1990, observations of carbon monoxide(CO) levels have been carried out at Tat-ahn Peninsula(TAP) in Korea. Analysis on atmospheric data, obtained in the period from November 1990 to February 1992, is carried out and the results are included in this study. It is observed that variations of monthly average level on CO are in the range of 141.61-516.06ppb(amplitude 374.45 ppb). An average level in 1991 is 308.18 ppb. CO observed at TAP has a larger seasonal variation. One of reasons appears that CO of TAP is strongly influenced by local sources and westerly airflows. When this gas of TAP is compared with data observed at Korea National University of Education(KNU) and in Seoul, we learn that CO values of KNU are higher(in average 2.15 times) than those of TAP; CO value observed in Seoul are 7 times higher than those of TAP. We interprete that air samples taken both at KNU and in Seoul are influenced strongly by local sources than those at TAP. According to analysis of trajectories and air flows, the CO value is higher with NW airflows than the value with SW airflows.

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Impacts of Asian Dust on Atmospheric Environment (황사의 대기환경영향)

  • Ghim, Young-Sung
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.255-271
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    • 2011
  • ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) in spring 2001 was a turning point to trigger international research interest on Asian dust (AD). This basically arose from the lack of research on AD, the important natural phenomenon to characterize the Northeast Asia. In contrast, health risk related to AD has been the primary concern in Korea. Although due in part to severe AD events of 2001~2002, research and mitigation measures on AD in Korea are typically based on the assumption that AD events are increasing in frequency and severity. However, contrary to the trend in Korea, the number of AD days and emission amounts of AD in China have decreased since 1980s. This paper reviews the impacts of AD on ambient air quality and variations in toxic substances during the AD event, reflecting the concern in Korea. While a great amount of dust particles flow into Korea during the AD event, a considerable amount of dust particles are locally generated as well. Since dust particles are mixed with toxic substances as they pass over polluted areas, the levels of toxic substances become lower in dust particles that do not pass over polluted areas. Broadening the research scope on AD is warranted to understand the AD as an important natural phenomenon, irrespective of its associated health risk.

An Overview of the Genetic Variations of the SARS-CoV-2 Genomes Isolated in Southeast Asian Countries

  • Yap, Polly Soo Xi;Tan, Tse Siang;Chan, Yoke Fun;Tee, Kok Keng;Kamarulzaman, Adeeba;Teh, Cindy Shuan Ju
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.30 no.7
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    • pp.962-966
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    • 2020
  • Monitoring the mutation dynamics of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in understanding its infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity for development of a vaccine. In an "age of mobility," the pandemic highlights the importance and vulnerability of regionalization and labor market interdependence in Southeast Asia. We intend to characterize the genetic variability of viral populations within the region to provide preliminary information for regional surveillance in the future. By analyzing 142 complete genomes from South East Asian (SEA) countries, we identified three central variants distinguished by nucleotide and amino acid changes.