• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1046-1054
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• 2006

The raw water DOC contained 39.3% of hydrophilics, 42.9% of hydriophobic, and 17.8% of transphilic. The hydrophobic fraction in this raw water was mostly fulvic acid. Fulvic acid comprised of 62% and the rest was humic acid(38%). There was more carboxylic acid functional group(64%) than phenolic group(36%). HPI-N and HPI-C comprised of 17% and 22% in the hydrophilic portion, respectively. The fouling mechanisms on the membrane surface and into its porous structure were analyzed in terms of several kinetic models. In order to analyze the fouling kinetics, the various kinetic models described in this paper were used to fit the experimental results. The kinetic models and kinetic constants obtained for each operation condition. The permeate flux was rapidly declined by simultaneous pore blocking and cake formation. Also, the permeate flux declined with decreasing internal pore size resulted from organic deposition into the membrane pore. The results of the membrane fouling test using UF membrane according to NOM fractions. HPI-N caused more fouling than HPI-C. Humic acid caused more fouling than fulvic acid probably due to higher adsorption capacity. Since humic acid has higher adsorption capacity than fulvic acid, it would be more adsorbed onto the membrane pores.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.538-553
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to consider the degree of supply-demand balance in relation to the characteristics of retail sale activities in depopulation aging regions and the degree of aging by using simple regression analysis. The major findings of this study are as follows. While aging society, and aged society regions show a similar major retail sale industries, super-aged society shows fewer major industries and different industry composition. These characteristics are seen by different phenomenon and the background of the particular retail structure. The first one is that the number of employees per establishment increases when the aging phenomenon is not accelerated, and the annual sales per capita purchasing power decrease because their purchasing power becomes lower when the aging phenomenon is severe, but it also shows a high density of establishments because disperse location of establishment within depopulation aging region. The second one is the retail structure with high labor productivity in a aged and superaged society region. We identify the extent of demand and supply in general retails, fuel retails, food and beverage, and tobacco retails which represent the highest sales rates in depopulation aging region. As a result, general retails are seen as 'supply-demand balance region' in aged and super-aged society, fuel retail sales in aged and super-aged society which generally shows less sales, and food and beverages, and tobacco retails in super-aged society. The higher the degree of aging is, the less the regional differences in the gap between demand and supply is. This is because the difference in purchasing power between these regions is small.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 2013

Domestric Construction & Engineering market has been long in recession due to the global economic crisis. Domestic construction industries consequently looks at overseas construction markets where relatively more construction projects are constantly required. In order to provide meaningful information for Korean engineering companies to keep the pace with the changes in the construction industry, various construction related date and statistics are analyzed. In addition, previous research from the related organizations and construction engineering companies are closely reviewed. Investigation of preliminary data and research have been conducted to draw remedies for their overseas expansion. Moreover, it is attempted to classify foreign markets as the Asia, Africa and etc. (Europe, North America/the Pacific and Latin America) to provide the list of first target countries and its regional market information focusing on their bidding system. This study had tried to show comparative analysis of different bidding procedures between Korea and the selected countries to suggest measures of improvements for the domestic bidding system. Finally, this study suggested policy recommendations to meet the requirement of bid qualification to advance the global market that was suggested with validated clustering bidding data.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.669-676
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• 2007

The raw water was fractionated into hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI), and hydrophilic portions (HPI) using XAD resins. The raw water DOC contains 39% of hydrophilics, 43% of hydrophobics, and 18% of transphilics. When fractionated NOM (natural organic matter) was passed through hydrophilic membrane with 100 kDa, hydrophobic portion (HPO) caused the most fouling and hydrophilic portion (HPI) caused the least fouling. This could be related to size and adsorption capability of organics. Small sized organics would pass through membrane pores, but large sized organics would be attracted to either membrane pores or surface, which led to the fouling. An effect of membrane pore size on membrane fouling is related to the availability of organics at membrane pores. As the pore size became larger, the more organics were transported into the membrane pore. Some organics caused pore blocking, and others caused pore adsorption, which resulted in membrane fouling. Membrane material is also important for membrane fouling. More fouling occurred at hydrophobic membrane than hydrophilic membrane regardless of its pore size. Hydrophobic interaction caused more fouling at hydrophobic membrane.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.667-673
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• 2013

The Baekjae Culture Festival was first held with the objective to re-explore and succeed the traditions of Baekjae culture based on history of Baekjae's seat of government, Gongju and Buyeo. It has contributed to the development of regional culture and establishment of cultural identity of local community with its pride as the leading historical cultural festival that introduces the history and culture of Baekje. However, the current Baekje Culture Festival as a historical and cultural festival is faced with a criticism as it is operated in the direction far from its initial purpose due to the lack of recognition in its significance and application. Therefore, the National Baekje Cultural Products Concours is held as part of various contests of Baekje Culture Festival in order to encourage the pride of Baekje history, draw international attention for the advanced and unique Baekje culture, develop innovative ideas for cultural products and grow the talents in design. The awarded work of this national concours is believed to be effective for the cultural contents industry. However, unlike its initial purpose, the concours has become a one-time exhibitionist event. Hence, through the analysis of general facts and case of domestic cultural products this thesis aims to find a way to utilize the National Baekje Cultural Products Concours in order to re-evaluate the history and culture of Baekje and enhance the public recognition through their viewing, consuming, promoting and experiencing of cultural products.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2004

This study aims to develop a standard protocol by which users can exchange data information efficiently between KOSDIC and GIS. The ultimate goal from this study is to propose a data exchange format using KOSIC. The background of this study is that GIS industry sector is vigorously developing linked to spatial information construction such as UIS, LIS, EIS, AM/FM through supporting by regional government institution. According to do, the format of data transformation becomes major issue. GIS data can easily transfer to CAD version but when CAD data convert to GIS format (DWG->DXF->SHP) cannot get high success rate due to errors and problems. In addition, CAD data feature is made from oriental structure which is made of point and line faeture so that GIS system is impossible to data transformation. In the reason, the biggest problem is discordance of symbolization in integration and standard of data format. By investigation the usability of this study, conclusion are drawn efficient alternative plan in data transformation. Though this wort we will be able to provide a better transformation of data conversion between CAD format and GIS format. Accordingly, it is of important to enrich the integrated construction information infrastructure, which accommodates ever-changing constructions environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2013

This paper presents a comparison of Korean and Manchurian railway system during the Japanese colonial era of Korea. While both railways share the common characteristics of an imperial railway, they revealed several differences. Firstly, the Manchurian railway was likely a private company, although it was operated half privately and half by the government. The Manchurian railway operated like the East Indian Company in India during the English colonial era. On the other hand, the Korean railway was fully operated by the government at a ministry level. While the Korean railway solely concentrated on the railway, the Manchurian railway was involved in regional development and the coal-mining industry as well. Secondly, in contrast to the Korean railway, the Manchurian railway was more lucrative, and was relatively more predominant regarding carriage of freights. Thirdly, railway officers in Korea were elected government bureaucrats, while Manchurian railway officers came from diverse political parties and social strata. After the annexation by the Kwantung Army, the Manchurian railway was mainly influenced by the military. The common characteristic here was that both railways were utilized for military purposes as imperial railways. In partilcular, the Manchurian railway executed military orders directly. Hereafter, through a comparative study between the Japanese and Taiwanese railways, a clear and accurate understanding of the characteristics of the Korean railway during the Japanese era will be revealed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1399-1406
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various extracts of Hizikia fusiforme on the anti-obesity effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We used H. fusiforme extracts from ethanol (EEHF), dichloromethane (CFHF), ethyl acetate (EAFHF), butanol (BFHF), and water (WFHF). Treatment with these extracts significantly suppressed terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet content through Oil Red O staining; this effect was higher in WFHF than in other extracts. The concentrations of cellular triglyceride were also reduced in 3T3-L1 cells by exposure with these extracts, especially when compared with the controls. Treatment with 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ of WFHF and CFHF caused approximately 42.6% and 23.7% reduction, respectively. In addition, the extracts of H. fusiforme significantly reduced the expression levels of key pro-adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$ (C/$EBP{\alpha}$) and C/$EBP{\beta}$ as compared with controls. Accordingly, our data indicated that WFHF has a preeminent effect on inhibition of adipocyte differentiation among various extracts, and H. fusiforme extracts may be an ideal candidate for obesity relief.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.977-982
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• 2010

We investigated the anti-cancer effects of two dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, gomisin A and gomisin N, isolated from Schizandra chinensis Baill, in human promyelocytic U937 cells. Gomisin N, but not gomisin A, inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with the induction of G1 arrest of the cell cycle. G1 arrest induced by gomisin N was correlated with down-regulation of cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 and Cdk4, and a concomitant up-regulation of Cdk inhibitors such as p16 (INK4A) and p21 (WAF1/CIP1). Furthermore, gomisin N inhibited phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and p130, and expression of transcription factor E2Fs. The results indicated that growth inhibition by gomisin N is related to cell cycle arrest at G1 in U937 cells and these findings suggest that gomisin N may be a useful chemotherapeutic agent.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2001

As the complexity of the our environment is further complicated by advancements in industry and increase in vehicle traffic flow, the incidents of injury causing accidents are on the rise. Consequently, there is increasing emphasis on the importance of systematic and continual safety education for injury preventive behaviors. This study investigates safety related problems of elementary school students based on the PRECEDE model, proposed by Green et al.(1980 Green), to comprehensively identify the requirements of school safety education. The identified requirements were used to diagnose the current state of elementary school safety education through the analysis of multidimensional factors. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 594 sixth grade students from randomly selected 4 schools in Seoul to examine their injury preventive behaviors and to determine the educational diagnosis variables that affect it. The duration of the survey was 3 weeks starting from April 12, 1999 to May 8, 1999. A summary of the survey results are presented below; 1. Situations in which accidents have occurred were, in their order of frequency, ‘during play or sports activities within the school grounds’ was most frequent at 59.6％, ‘during play on local streets’ at 49.5％, and ‘traffic accidents’ at 41.6％. 2. Categorization of the injury preventive behavior showed that ‘not playing at high traffic flow locations such as streets and construction sites’ had the higher level of observance, while ‘wearing of helmets and joint protection devices during playing’ was least observed. 3. Considering injury preventive behaviors in relation to educational diagnosis variables indicated, for predisposing factors, lower ‘perception to injury accidents’ (p〈0.001) combined with higher ‘concerns for injury accidents’(p〈0.001), ‘practice of preventive behavior’(p〈0.001), and ‘the level of safety knowledge’(p〈0.001) resulted in significantly higher observance of injury preventive behaviors. For enabling factors, higher ‘perceived level of the school safety education’ (p〈0.001) and ‘availability of safety education resources’(p〈0.01) indicated significantly higher observance of injury preventive behaviors. For the reinforcing factor, frequent exposure to ‘safety education brochure’ (p〈0.01) and ‘audio-visual material for safety education’(p〈0.01) combined with more ‘regional safety education’ (p〈0.01), ‘home safety education’ (p〈0.01), ‘school safety education’(p〈0.001), and, ‘parents’ observance of preventive behaviors' (p〈0.001) showed significantly higher observance of injury preventive behaviors. 4. An analysis of the factors that affect injury preventive behaviors showed that the enabling factor ‘awareness of school safety education’ had the highest correlation with injury preventive behaviors followed by factors, in their order of significance, ‘practice of preventive behavior’, ‘perception to injury accidents’, ‘level of safety knowledge’, ‘parents’ observances of preventive behaviors', and ‘concerns for injury accidents.’