• 소성∙가공
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2001

Set-up reference values, used in determining the optimum downcoiling tension, we experimentally verified in this study. During the actual downcoiling, the strip suffers both tension and bending force through the rotation of mandrel. Therefore, simulative test which can measure both tension and bending resistance of strip was performed to estimate set-up reference value for strip tension during downcoiling operations. The values obtained from the simulative test were correlated with the yield stress which has conventionally been used as reference values for downcoiling tension. The correlative analysis showed that the yield stress of strip can be a good reference value for downcoiling tension. Furthermore, the bending load also shows strong correlation with simulated values due to the close relationship between yield stress and bending load.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.42-45
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• 2005

Accurate prediction of the fate and transport of contaminants in soils and sediments is very Important to environmental risk assessment and effective remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. The fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface are affected by geosorbents, especially carbonaceous materials including black carbon. Various physical and chemical treatment methods have been developed to separate different kinds of carbonaceous materials from soils and sediments. However, the effects of these separation methods on the properties of remaining carbonaceous materials including sorption capacity and linearity are unclear. The objective of this study is to determine if the chemical and thermal treatment methods previously used to separate different carbonaceous material fractions affect the properties of carbonaceous materials including longer term sorption capacity of hydrophobic organic contaminants. The results indicate that treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCl)/hydrofluoric acid (HF), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) may not affect the sorption capacity of black carbon reference materials such as char and soot, however, treatments with acid dichromate $(K_2Cr_2O_7/H_2SO_4)$ and heat $(375^{\circ}C)$ for 24 hours in sufficient of oxygen) decrease the sorption capacity of them. The results of longer term sorption isotherm indicate that 2 days might be enough for trichloroethene (TCE) to equilibrate apparently with treated black carbon reference materials. The results suggest that acid dichromate and heat treatments may not appropriate method to investigate sorption properties of black carbon in soils and sediments.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.280-291
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• 2019

Potential utility of 14 candidate housekeeping genes as normalization reference for RT-qPCR analysis with developmental samples (fertilized eggs to late veliger larvae) in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai was evaluated using four different statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCT method). Different algorithms identified different genes as the best candidates, and geometric mean-based final ranking from the most to the least stable expression was as follow: RPL5, RPL4, RPS18, RPL8, RPL7, UBE2, RPL7A, GAPDH, RPL36, PPIB, EF1A, ACTB and B-TU. The findings were further validated via relative quantification of metallothionein (MT) transcripts using the stable and unstable reference genes, and expression levels of MT were greatly influenced according to the choice of reference genes. In overall, our data suggest that RPL5 and RPS18, either singly or in combination, are appropriate for normalizing gene expression in developmental samples of this abalone species, whereas ACTB, B-TU and EF1A are less stable and not recommended. In addition, our findings propose that standard deviations in geometric ranking as well as geometric mean itself should also be taken into account for the final selection of reference gene(s). This study could be a useful basis to facilitate the generation of accurate and reliable RT-qPCR data with developmental samples in this abalone species.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제21권
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• pp.141-168
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• 1991

The Purpose of this study is to explore and analyse ways of enhancing the effectiveness of reference service through reference evaluation. Marketing research technique combined with pre-evaluation theory was applied in this study to find out information for practice the service based on current concept of reference service. Aims and results of this study can be summarised as follows: First, the evaluation of effectiveness of reference service should be conducted for the purpose of finding out the ways of increasing user's satisfaction. Second, the policy evaluation was understood as the appropriated evaluation concept. The policy evaluation in principle coincides with reference service in sense that the satisfaction of public should have priority and hence be the criterion of the evaluation. Third, marketing research based on recently developed 'marketing concept', which concentrates all its efforts to meet user's demand and attempt to acquire the information for better marketing management of non-profit organization such as library, is examined to find out the evaluation method practically applicable to the pre-evaluation of reference service. In this study , conjoint analysis was adopted as the method of pre-evaluation about reference service. The Reference Room of the Central Library Yonsei University, was selected as the arget sample to find out the expected condition for the maximization of the user's satisfaction from the reference service. Based on this example study, the analysis indicates as the most desirable combination for reference service in terms of the user's satisfaction is following condition: the younger librarian with aimable personality who displays willingness In his/her assistance, plus as the method of reference service, sufficient and practical introduction to the reference materials available, plus immediate and satisfactory result of the service, and finally a library equipped with inter-library use system.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.409-432
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 참고 장서개발정책의 작성지침 5개를 분석하여 그 기본요소를 파악하고, 이를 토대로 미국의 대학도서관에서 실제로 작성된 참고 장서개발정책 24개를 비교 분석해 봄으로써 참고 장서개발정책의 기본요소와 그 내용을 파악해 보기 위한 것이다. 대표적인 5개의 지침과 24개의 참고 장서개발정책의 분석을 통해 총 9개의 기본요소가 발견되었고, 이 요소들은 다시 5개의 핵심요소와 4개의 선택요소로 구분되었다. 5개의 핵심요소는 (1) 서문, (2) 참고장서의 범위, 크기, 수준, (3) 참고장서의 포맷, (4) 참고장서의 유형, (5) 참고장서의 관리(선정, 제적, 평가, 책임)였다. 본 연구를 통해 파악된 9개의 기본요소와 그 내용들은 앞으로 참고 장서개발정책의 작성을 시도하는 모든 대학도서관에서 기본 틀로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1200-1209
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• 2003

In this paper, a unified methodology based on the local stress concept to estimate residual strength of locally thinned pipes. An underlying idea of the proposed methodology is that the local stress in the minimum section for locally thinned pipe is related to the reference stress, popularly used in creep problems. Then the problem remains how to define the reference stress, that is the reference load. Extensive three-dimensional finite element (FE) analyses were performed to simulate full-scale pipe tests conducted for various shapes of wall thinned area under internal pressure and bending moment. Based on these FE results, the reference load is proposed, which is independent of materials. A natural outcome of this method is the maximum load capacity. By comparing with existing test results, it is shown that the reference stress is related to the fracture stress, which in turn can be posed as the fracture criterion of locally thinned pipes. The proposed method is powerful as it can be easily generalised to more complex problems, such as pipe bends and tee-joints.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.415-425
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• 2015

Reinforced concrete beams with insufficient shear reinforcement were strengthened using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) plates. In the study, the effect of the number of bolts on the load capacity, energy dissipation, and stiffness of reinforced concrete beams were investigated by using anchor bolt of different numbers. Three strengthened with GFRP specimens, one flexural reference specimen designed in accordance to Regulation on Buildings Constructed in Disaster Areas rules, and one shear reinforcement insufficient reference specimen was tested. Anchorage was made on the surfaces of the beams in strengthened specimens using 2, 3 and 4 bolts respectively. All beams were tested under monotonic loads. Results obtained from the tests of strengthened concrete beams were compared with the result of good flexural reference specimen. The beam in which 4 bolts were used in adhering GFRP plates on beam surfaces carried approximately equal loads with the beam named as a flexural reference. The amount of energy dissipated by strengthened DE5 specimen was 96 % of the amount of energy dissipated by DE1 reference specimen. Strengthened DE5 specimen initial stiffness equal to DE1 reference specimen initial stiffness, but strengthened DE5 specimen yield stiffness about 4 % lower than DE1 reference specimen yield stiffness. Also, DE5 specimen exhibited ductile behavior and was fractured due to bending fracture. Upon the increase of the number of anchorages used in a strengthening collapsing manner of test specimens changed and load capacity and ductility thereof increased.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2002

This paper provides the fully plastic J solutions for circumferential cracked pipes with inner, semi- elliptical surface cracks, subject to internal pressure and global bending. Solutions are given in the form of two different approaches, the GEF/EPRl approach and the reference stress approach. For the GE/EPRl approach, the plastic influence functions for fully plastic J are tabulated based on extensive 3-D FE calculations using the Ramberg-Osgood (R-O) materials, covering a wide range of pipe and crack geometries. The developed GEf/EPRl-type fully plastic J estimation equations are then re-formulated using the concept of the reference stress approach for wider applications. Based on the FE results, optimized reference load solutions for the definition of the reference stress are found for internal pressure and for global bending. Advantages of the reference stress based approach over the GE/EPRl-type approach are fully discussed. Validation of the proposed reference stress based J estimation equations will be given in Part II, based on 3-D elastic-plastic or elastic creep FE results using typical tensile properties of stainless steels and generalized creep- deformation behaviours.

• 분석과학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.300-306
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• 1997

직류전압강하법을 이용한 균열길이 측정방법은 입출력 도선의 위치 및 보정방법에 큰 영향을 받는다. 본 실험에서는 CT 시편을 실제 시편보다 9배 크기로 제작하여, 입출력 도선의 위치, 열 유도 EMF 및 기준전압의 위치가 기존의 보정곡선에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 연구 결과 입력전류 도선의 위치가 하중선에 위치할 때, Hicks-Pickard 관계식이 매우 정확하게 a/W와 V/Vo간의 관계를 나타내었으며, 이 때 Vo값을 a/W=0.241에서 측정 또는 계산된 값을 사용하고, 열유도 EMF를 보정함으로써 더욱 정확성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 알았다. 또한 입력도선이 하중선에 위치할 때 기준전압을 CT 시편에서 일반적으로 사용되는 위치인 시편 끝 하단에서 측정할 경우, 기준전압으로 보정한 전압값은 매우 큰 오차를 나타내었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.74-84
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• 2005

NT, BT 산업의 발달에 함께 계면에서의 흡착특성의 파악은 신물질의 개발이나 공정의 첨단화에서 꼭 필요한 과제가 되고 있다. 체적식 가스흡착방법은 정량적인 흡착량의 측정이 가능하여 비표면적의 표준측정장비로 인식되고 있다. 상용 비표면적 측정장비의 신뢰성 검증을 위하여 인증표준물질을 개발하였고, SI 단위에 소급성을 유지하는 표준장비에 의해 불확도가 평가되었다. 제작된 인증물질은 비표면적이 $10.72{\pm}0.46m^2g^{-1}$ 인 silicon nitride 분말과 $149.50{\pm}3.44m^2g^{-1}$ 인 alumina 분말이다. 이런 검증된 인증물질의 보급은 산업계에 신뢰성 있는 비표면적 측정결과를 줌으로서, 일관성 있는 공정운용에 의한 품질관리, 생산성 향상, 안정성 판단 및 신제품 개발 등에 기여할 것이다.