• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6391-6395
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• 2012

Background: Ovarian cancer is ranked as the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women. In Malaysia, it is the fourth most common cancer in females. CA125 has been the tumor marker of choice in ovarian cancer but its diagnostic specificity in early stages is only 50%. Hence, there is a critical need to identify an alternative tumor marker that is capable of detecting detect ovarian cancer at an early stage. HE4 is a new tumor marker proposed for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and disease recurrence. Currently, none of the normal ranges of HE4 quoted in the literature are based on data for a multiethnic Asian population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine reference intervals for HE4 in an Asian population presenting in University Malaya Medical Centre, a tertiary reference hospital. Materials and Methods: 300 healthy women were recruited comprising 150 premenopausal and 150 postmenopausal women, aged from 20-76 years. All women were subjected to a pelvic ultrasonograph and were confirmed to be free from ovarian pathology on recruitment. Serum HE4 levels were determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA, Abbott Architect). The reference intervals were determined following CLSI guidelines (C28-A2) using a non-parametric method. Results: The upper limits of the $95^{th}$ percentile reference interval (90%CI) for all the women collectively were 64.6 pmol/L, and 58.4 pmol/L for premenopausal) and 69.0 pmol/L for postmenopausal. The concentration of HE4 was noted to increase with age especially in women who were more than 50 years old. We also noted that our proposed reference limit was lower compared to the level given by manufacturer Abbott Architect HE4 kit insert (58.4 vs 70 pmol/L for premenopausal group and 69.0 vs 140 pmol/L in the postmenopausal group). The study also showed a significant difference in HE4 concentrations between ethnic groups (Malays and Indians). The levels of HE4 in Indians appeared higher than in Malays (p<0.05), while no significant differences were noted between the Malays and Chinese ethnic groups. Conclusions: More data are needed to establish a reference interval that will better represent the multiethnic Malaysian population. Probably a larger sampling size of equal representation of the Malay, Chinese, Indians as well as the other native ethnic communities will give us a greater confidence on whether genetics plays a role in reference interval determination.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) were revised in 2020. Due to the rapidly aging Korean population, special consideration was given to reclassify the KDRI age group categories of older adults. This article examines the evidence for modifying the current KDRI age group ranges of older adults (65-74 and ≥ 75 yrs). SUBJECTS/METHODS: We first reviewed the domestic and international data on the elderly, following which we received expert opinions on age classification from the KDRI Advisory Committee. Finally, the 6th and 7th (2013-2017) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data were used to analyze the nutritional intake statuses by considering the age of older adults. RESULTS: According to the review results of domestic and international data and the inputs received from the expert advisory committee, the minimum age considered for the elderly was maintained at 65 yrs. However, the KNHANES data was analyzed to review whether there was a need to subdivide the later periods. Examining the differences in nutrient intakes by age group through the interaction effect term of the piecewise linear regression model revealed the interaction effect was maximum in the groups divided by 65 yrs (50-64 and 65-80), as compared to the groups divided by 70 yrs (50-69 and 70-80) and 75 yrs (50-74 and 75-80). The mean adequacy ratio was calculated per 1 yr of age, and a 3-yr (age) moving average analysis was performed to examine the change in the trends of overall nutrient intake. However, it was challenging to secure a scientific basis for subdivision into age groups in older adults from the results obtained. CONCLUSIONS: This study could not find any scientific evidence for modifying the KDRI age groups for older adults.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.516-530
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• 1999

The current clinical technique for occlusal vertical dimension recording is based on marking the skin reference points on the patient's face and measuring between these points using caliper-like device. And it is difficult to achieve reliable measurements by this technique because of movable soft tissue. The purpose of this study is to reveal the stability of skin reference points by comparing the relative movement between extra-oral skin reference points and intra-oral reference points using X-ray fluoroscope. 10 test subjects were divided into 2 groups : Group I (natural dentition) and Group II (denture-wearer whose vertical dimension was lost) and Group III consists of identical test subjects to Group II with their upper denture removed and record base inserted. Attaching the 3 mm diameter steel ball to nose tip, lower lip, chin and to existing denture (or record base), fluoroscopic examination and recording were taken during 2 jaw opening and closing movements. After subsequent digitization using personal computer, 1219 still pictures with 0.1 second interval were made. Using the 2 dimensional graphic software, measurements between reference points were executed. Dividing the entire jaw movement into 3 ranges (total, 1st half opening, 2nd half opening), rate of movement and relative movement between extra-oral and intra-oral reference points were calculated and statistically analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. 1 Within the same experimental group, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between lower lip point and chin point during total range of jaw opening and closing movement (p>.05) 2. In the first half range of jaw opening, statistical difference was found between Group I (natural dentition) and Group II (denture wearer) (p<.05) Group I has greater skin reference stability than Group II. 3. In the first half range of jaw opening, statistical difference was found between Group I and Group III (record base wearer) (p<.05). Group I has greater skin reference stability than Group III. 4. In the first half range of jaw opening, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between Group II and Group III (p>.05). 5. In the second half range of jaw opening, no statistical difference was found in the stability of skin reference between any experimental groups (p>.05). 6. In patients with their occlusal vertical dimension lost, employing other measuring references rather than skin is recommended because of low stability.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.62-66
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• 2009

HbA1c is the major fraction of glycated hemoglobin, and used primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time, mostly 2-3 months. It is used as markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic patients and increasingly used a marker in health screening check up for general populations. In this study, HbA1c was measured with Cobas integra 800 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), using immunoturbidimetry principles. We established the reference interval for HbA1c with Cobas integra 800 and evaluated its significance. The study subjects were 36,140 (male 57.5%, and female 42.2%) who visited the Health Promotion Center of a tertiary care center in Seoul for health checkup from January to September, 2008. HbA1c levels were measured with immunoturbidimetric method. Statistical evaluation was done with SPSS. Comparison between male and female was checked with Mann-Whitney test, and among age groups with Kruskal-Wallis test. Reference interval for HbA1c was from 4.8% to 6.1%. There was no significant difference between male and female with Mann-Whitney test (P=0.539). There was significant difference among age groups with Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). Reference interval for HbA1c with Cobas integra 800 was 4.8~6.1%, which was different from conventional one, 4.4-6.4%. Establishment of reference interval for each principle is needed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In times of disaster, simplified and minimized nutritional standards are necessary for a quick response to provide nutritious relief food. This study aimed to develop nutrient-based nutritional standards for foodservice at shelters during disasters in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The standards were developed in 2 phases. First, nutrients to be included in the standards were selected. Initial candidates were selected considering 3 aspects: preceding standards, insufficient intake during disasters, and inadequate intake among South Koreans. Final selection was made by excluding nutrients for 3 reasons: nutrients for which there is no deficiency concern in South Korea, nutrients whose intake data were not available, or nutrients whose values presented by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans are difficult to achieve based on the current diet among South Koreans. Second, the reference values of energy and the selected nutrients were calculated. The reference values for the entire population who were 1-year-old and over were calculated by multiplying the estimated energy requirements or the recommended nutrient intake and the proportion of each age and sex group. Respective reference values were also calculated for 4 different age groups (1-5, 6-11, 12-64, and ≥ 65-year-old). RESULTS: The standards for the entire population were 2,000 kcal for energy, 55 g for protein, 650 ㎍ retinol activity equivalents for vitamin A, 95 mg for vitamin C, 1.1 mg for thiamin, 1.3 mg for riboflavin, 14 mg niacin equivalents for niacin, 350 ㎍ dietary folate equivalents for folic acid, 750 mg for calcium, and 11 mg for iron. Four additional standards corresponding to each age group were developed. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional standards during disasters were developed for South Korea, including energy and 9 nutrients with reference values for the entire population and 4 different age groups. The standards will contribute to maintaining the health of disaster evacuees in South Korea.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.631-644
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• 2018

Many studies on flash memory-based buffer replacement algorithms that consider the characteristics of flash memory have recently been developed. Conventional flash memory-based buffer replacement algorithms have the disadvantage that the operation speed slows down, because only the reference is checked when selecting a replacement target page and either the reference count is not considered, or when the reference time is considered, the elapsed time is considered. Therefore, this paper seeks to solve the problem of conventional flash memory-based buffer replacement algorithm by dividing pages into groups and considering the reference frequency and reference time when selecting the replacement target page. In addition, because flash memory has a limited lifespan, candidates for replacement pages are selected based on the number of deletions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.367-383
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop a practical model for enhancing cooperative virtual reference services of public libraries in the nation. The research methods include an examination of model cases from Europe and the V.S. and also an electronic questionnaire survey of 375 public librarians (73% response rate). The study results suggest the need for 'a collaborative virtual reference room' which consists of the collaborative reference database, virtual reference desk, guidance and instruction designed by age groups and/or subjects.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.346-351
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the angular differences between the horizontal reference planes on the CBCT generated PA cephalogram and the modified interpupillary plane, which was usually used in the clinical examination, and to evaluate the validity of the horizontal reference planes. Methods: The CBCT generated PA cephalogram was used to measure the angles between the FH, Lo and IP planes. The subjects consisted of 42 patients with facial asymmetry (males: 21, females: 21, mean-age: 21.6 years). The control groups were also assessed (males: 10, females: 10, mean-age: 23.8 years). The distance of the interpupil was measured on the soft-tissue volume rendered image. The angular differences were statistically analyzed using the $Mann-Whitney$ $U$ $test$ for inter-group comparisons and the $Friedman$ $test$ for intra-group comparisions. Results: The angle between the FH plane and IP plane (the angle of the FH-IP line) showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups ($p$ <0.05). There was no statistical differences between each angle (angle of the FH-IP line, angle of the FH-Lo line, angle of the Lo-IP line) on the intra-group comparision ($p$ >0.05). Conclusion: The angle between the Lo line and IP line (angle of the Lo-IP line) showed no statistically significant difference in both the control and asymmetry groups. Therefore, the Lo line could be used as a horizontal reference plane in CBCT generated PA cephalograms.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new implant impression technique using bite impression coping and a dual arch tray. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two implant fixtures were placed on maxillary left second premolar and first molar area in dentoform model. The model with two fixtures was used as the reference. The impression was divided into 2 groups, n=10 each. In group 1, heavy/light body silicone impression was made with pick up impression copings and open tray. In group 2, putty/light body silicone impression was made with bite impression copings and dual arch tray. The reference model and the master casts with implant scan bodies were scanned by a laboratory scanner. Surface tessellation language (STL) datasets from test groups was superimposed with STL dataset of reference model using inspection software. The three-dimensional deviation between the reference model and impression models was calculated and illustrated as a color-map. Data was analyzed by independent samples T-test of variance at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. The mean 3D implant deviations of pick up impression group (group 1) and dual arch impression group (group 2) were 0.029 mm and 0.034 mm, respectively. The difference in 3D deviations between groups 1 and 2 was not statistically significant (P=.075). CONCLUSION. Within limitations of this study, the accuracy of implant impression using a bite impression coping and dual arch tray is comparable to that of conventional pick-up impression.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.865-875
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the angle formed by the Sella-Nasion(SN) plane and Frankfort-Horizontal(FH) plane and evaluate the correlation and difference of the FH plane to other horizontal reference planes. Through this study we hope to present a basis for selecting a horizontal reference plae which can be implemented in cephalometric studies and in surgical orthodontic treatment planning. 600 subjects were chosen following a clinical examination md lateral cephlometric X-rays were taken. According to cephalometric analysis the subjects were classified into 3 groups , Skeletal Class I malocclusion or normal occlusion group(male 50, female 50), Skeletal Class II malocclusion group(male 50, female 65) and Skeletal Class III malocclusion group(male 50, female 50). The results were as follows. 1. The angle formed by the SN plane and FH plane showed no difference among the malocclusion groups, but there was a significant sex difference. For males the angle measured was $7.47^{\circ}{\pm}2.40^{\circ}$ whereas for females it was $8.93^{\circ}{\pm}2.72^{\circ}$. 2. The angle formed by the SN plane or FH plane and Mandibular plane was higher in females for all malocclusion groups. This angle in the Skeletal Class I malocclusion group was lower than in the other two groups. 3. There was no difference among the sexes or malocclusion groups considering the angle formed by the FH plane and Palatal plane. 4. The genial angle in the Skeletal Class III malocclusion group was higher than in the Skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusion groups in both sexes.